Calcium phosphate cements for bone engineering and their biological properties

Abstract

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are frequently used to repair bone defects. Since their discovery in the 1980s, extensive research has been conducted to improve their properties, and emerging evidence supports their increased application in bone tissue engineering. Much effort has been made to enhance the biological performance of CPCs, including their biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, biodegradability, bioactivity, and interactions with cells. This review article focuses on the major recent developments in CPCs, including 3D printing, injectability, stem cell delivery, growth factor and drug delivery, and pre-vascularization of CPC scaffolds via co-culture and tri-culture techniques to enhance angiogenesis and osteogenesis.

Regenerative medicine: Smart cement could scaffold living bone

A natural component of bone is showing promise as a scaffold on which to build a new generation of living implants to correct bone defects. Bone injuries are often repaired using calcium phosphate cement (CPC), an inorganic component of bone. In recent years, interest has grown in using CPC as a scaffold for building new, living bone tissue, rather than just as a structural material. CPC attaches to bone, and allows cells to attach, migrate and proliferate on its surface. The recent incorporation of stem cells, drugs and growth factors into CPC scaffolds should further enhance their ability to regenerate bone, write Hockin HK Xu at the University of Maryland in Baltimore, USA, and colleagues in this review. Recent animal studies have suggested that such scaffolds can form a blood supply, important for correcting large bone defects.

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