Engineering Extracellular Vesicles for Osteoarthritis Treatment: From Therapeutic Strategies-to-Clinical Translation

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles secreted by cells and have emerged as promising therapeutic agents for osteoarthritis (OA). These vesicles exhibit high biocompatibility and the intrinsic ability to traverse physiologic barriers, delivering bioactive molecular cargo to recipient cells to exert regulatory effects. To enhance therapeutic efficacy, EVs can be bioengineered to improve biological activity and targeting capacity toward specific cells or tissues. Strategies for EV engineering primarily involve modifications to cargo, membranes, or the pretreatment of parental cells. In recent years advances in EV engineering have led to growing interest in the application of engineered EVs for OA treatment, offering new possibilities for clinical translation. In this review we summarize the fundamental characteristics of EVs and examine the factors limiting the current therapeutic efficacy in OA. We also provide an overview of existing engineering strategies and discuss the therapeutic applications of engineered EVs in OA models. Finally, we outline the remaining challenges and future directions necessary to advance EV-based therapies toward clinical use in OA.

Keywords

Bioengineering strategies / extracellular vesicles / osteoarthritis / therapeutic delivery

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