Application of biophosphates in geo-environmental engineering: An overview

Abstract

Geo-environmental engineering is concerned with the contamination remediation, soil reinforcement, and ecological sustainability of problematic soil matrix, including landfilled soils, contaminated soils, sludges, and solid wastes. The emerging biomineralization technologies are gaining increasing attention as potential solutions to geo-environmental issues owing to their in-situ applicability, high efficiency, and environmental friendliness. Among them, the biologically induced phosphate precipitation (BIPP) method has an outstanding long-lasting amending effect and barely has secondary contamination from by-products. This study bridges the gap of a comprehensive overview of biophosphate application in the geo-environmental fields from the perspectives of heavy metal (HM) immobilization, soil reinforcement, and ecological reclamation. This multidisciplinary study can inspire the utilization of biophosphates as an integrated amendment for contaminated soil and waste piles, serving as a soil binder, fertilizer, and HM stabilizer all at once to promote reclamation, ecological sustainability, and carbon sinks. However, the research of biophosphates in geo-environmental technology is still in its infancy. Methods in balancing performances between the strength enhancement, HM stabilization, and vegetation of solid waste need in-depth innovation. Additionally, the long-term interaction mechanisms between these three functions remain unclear. Furthermore, lowering the cost of virgin materials and balancing the economic cost with the long-term environmental benefits of biophosphate technology are required for large-scale engineering practice.

Keywords

Biomineralization / Biophosphates / Heavy metal stabilization / Soil reinforcement / Soil fertilization

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Han Lijun: Writing – original draft, Investigation, Conceptualization. Li Jiangshan: Writing – review & editing, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. Xue Qiang: Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgment

This study is supported by the National Key Research and Development Programme (Grant No. 2023YFC3707802), Major Science and Technology Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Grant No. 2021ZD0007–02–01).

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