Mechanism-resolved operating windows for biochar production from lavender distillation residue
Ahsanullah Soomro , Anıl Tevfik Koçer , Mahdi Hassan , Didem Balkanlı
Biochar ›› 2026, Vol. 8 ›› Issue (1) : 105
Lavender distillation residue is an underutilized lignocellulosic carbon waste with strong potential for value-added conversion to biochar; however, pyrolysis operating windows are often selected using end-point product metrics alone, with limited mechanistic grounding and weak integration of energy and environmental burdens. Here, a 13-run N₂ pyrolysis design space (200–600 °C; 10–40 °C min−1; 0–30 min hold) was evaluated to develop a mechanism-resolved operating-window framework coupling thermal fingerprints, conversion-dependent kinetics, and decision-oriented screening. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed heating-rate-dependent DTG peak migration (Tmax ≈ 327 → 364 °C for 5 → 40 °C min−1). DTG overlap was quantified using constrained multi-peak deconvolution with information-criterion selection, showing β-dependent statistical resolvability (two peaks at 5–10 °C min−1; three peaks at 20–40 °C min−1) consistent with overlap-limited separability rather than a literal reaction count. ICTAC-aligned isoconversional kinetics (KAS/FWO/Starink/Friedman) indicated regime evolution: apparent activation energies were comparatively stable through α = 0.1–0.6 but increased sharply at high conversion (α = 0.9), consistent with late-stage carbonization where derivative sensitivity increases. Across the matrix, final temperature exerted the dominant first-order control on the yield–carbonization trade-off. To translate mechanistic insight into actionable selection, electricity-normalized indicators and gate-to-gate EF3.0 midpoint burdens were integrated via entropy-weighted TOPSIS, identifying Run 5 as the best-compromise operating point (48.94% yield; 0.85 kWh kg−1 char; 2.05 kWh kg−1 fixed-C). Imposing an FC ≥ 60% constraint shifted the preferred option to Run 4 (61.67% fixed carbon; 8.16 kWh kg−1 fixed-C). Overall, the study provides a reproducible pathway from thermal fingerprinting to kinetic regime diagnosis and energy/LCA-informed operating-window selection, enabling defensible process design for lavender-residue biochar valorization.
Lavender distillation residue / Pyrolysis / Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG) / Isoconversional kinetics / Environmental footprint 3.0 (EF3.0) gate-to-gate life cycle assessment / EWM–TOPSIS (multi-criteria decision analysis)
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The Author(s)
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