Unlocking the potential of element-doped biochar: from tailored synthesis to multifunctional applications in environment and energy

Abstract

Biochar, a versatile environmental material, has gained significant attention for its exceptional physical and chemical properties. This comprehensive review explores the innovative preparation methods of element-doped biochar, highlighting their enhanced functionalities and groundbreaking applications across diverse fields. Drawing from conventional approaches, this study systematically investigates in-situ and exogenous doping techniques, examining their distinct advantages, limitations, and profound impacts on the morphological structure and surface chemistry of biochar. By integrating multiple elements, the research reveals how doping significantly improves the adsorption capacity, catalytic efficiency, and electrochemical performance of biochar, offering opportunities for its potential use in environmental remediation, soil enhancement, energy conversion, and even cosmetic applications. Moreover, this study introduces an original framework of “preparation–structure–performance–application”, emphasizing the importance of optimizing doping strategies and element selection to maximize versatility of biochar across multiple domains. Beyond basic insights into existing knowledge, this review provides novel perspectives for future research, particularly in areas such as carbon sequestration, pollutant adsorption, and advanced catalysis. This comprehensive synthesis not only synthesizes existing knowledge but also delivers fresh, innovative insights into the untapped potential of element-doped biochar, propelling transformative progress in sustainable materials science and beyond.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

Biochar / Element doping / Soil improvement / Supercapacitor / Pollutant removal / Chemical Sciences / Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural)

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Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China(42307312)

China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M733218)

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

The Author(s)