Recent advances in biomass deconstruction, microbial conversion, artificial intelligence, and carbon capture for sustainable bioenergy

Abstract

The transition from fossil fuels to low-carbon bio-based energy systems is increasingly constrained by the efficiency, scalability, and integration of conversion technologies. Addressing this challenge, this review critically analyzes microbial biofuel production through a conversion-centric and systems-level framework, emphasizing how feedstock diversity, pretreatment chemistry, enzymatic deconstruction, and microbial metabolism collectively govern overall process performance. This review evaluates how pretreatment strategies modulate biomass recalcitrance, hydrolysate chemical ecologies, inhibitor profiles, and redox balance, thereby imposing fundamental constraints on enzymatic efficiency, microbial conversion yields, and emissions outcomes. Advances in enzymatic hydrolysis are assessed in terms of bond-specific catalysis, enzyme synergy, and persistent bottlenecks arising from substrate heterogeneity, lignin enzyme interactions, and non-productive binding, while microbial engineering strategies from robust monocultures to synthetic consortia and cell-free systems are examined through techno-economic and metabolic flux perspectives. It further highlights the emerging role of artificial intelligence and multi-omics integration in enabling predictive optimization of pretreatment severity, enzyme cocktails, and metabolic routing, moving beyond empirical process tuning. This article establishes a unified framework for integrated “microbial lignocellulose-to-fuel” pathways, demonstrating how coordinated advances in conversion technologies are essential for achieving scalable, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable bioenergy systems.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Lignocellulosic biomass / Pretreatment & Enzymatic deconstruction / Microbial conversion / Carbon capture / Consolidated bioprocessing / Artificial intelligence

References

[1] Abdul Hakim Shaah M et al (2021) A review on non-edible oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel: physicochemical properties and production technologies, RSC Advances 11(40):25018–25037. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA04311K

[2] Adhikari S, Nam H, Chakraborty JP. Conversion of solid wastes to fuels and chemicals through pyrolysis. Waste Biorefinery: Potential Perspect, 2018, 7: 239-263.

[3] Adler PR, et al.. Biomass yield and biofuel quality of switchgrass harvested in fall or spring. Agron J, 2006, 98(6): 1518-1525.

[4] Advanced BioFuels USA – Genencor Introduces Accellerase® DUET. https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/genencor-introduces-accellerase-duet. Accessed: 20 May 2026.

[5] Advanced BioFuels USA – Genencor Introduces Accellerase® DUET (no date). Available at: https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/genencor-introduces-accellerase-duet (Accessed: January 6, 2026)

[6] Ahmad I, et al.. Machine learning applications in biofuels’ life cycle: soil, feedstock, production, consumption, and emissions. Energies, 2021, 14(16. ArticleID: 5072

[7] Aizuddin KNAK, et al.. Bamboo for biomass energy production. BioResources, 2023, 18(1): 1-22.

[8] Amer MW, et al.. Potential use of corn leaf waste for biofuel production in Jordan (physio-chemical study). Energy, 2021, 214. ArticleID: 118863

[9] Anderson EM, et al.. Reductive catalytic fractionation of corn stover lignin. ACS Sustain Chem Eng, 2016, 4(12): 6940-6950.

[10] Anderson EM, et al.. Flowthrough reductive catalytic fractionation of biomass. Joule, 2017, 1(3): 613-622.

[11] Angeltveit CF, et al.. Light exposure of lignin affects the saccharification efficiency of LPMO-containing cellulolytic enzyme cocktails. ACS Sustain Chem Eng, 2024, 12(26): 9777-9786.

[12] Anwar Z, Gulfraz M, Irshad M. Agro-industrial lignocellulosic biomass a key to unlock the future bio-energy: a brief review. J Radiat Res Appl Sci, 2014, 7(2): 163-173.

[13] Appels L, et al.. Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge. Prog Energy Combust Sci, 2008, 34(6): 755-781.

[14] Artifon W, et al.. Bioethanol production from hydrolyzed lignocellulosic after detoxification via adsorption with activated carbon and dried air stripping. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2018, 6. ArticleID: 107

[15] Asefi S, et al.. Comprehensive network of stress-induced responses in Zymomonas mobilis during bioethanol production: from physiological and molecular responses to the effects of system metabolic engineering. Microb Cell Fact, 2024, 23(1. ArticleID: 180

[16] Auxenfans T, et al.. Efficient enzymatic saccharification of Miscanthus: Energy-saving by combining dilute acid and ionic liquid pretreatments. Biomass Bioenergy, 2014, 62: 82-92.

[17] Awogbemi O, Von Kallon DV. Application of machine learning technologies in biodiesel production process—A review. Front Energy Res, 2023, 11: 1122638.

[18] Badgujar KC, Bhanage BM. Dedicated and waste feedstocks for biorefinery: An approach to develop a sustainable society, 2018. Waste Biorefinery, Potential and Perspectives.

[19] Bai J, et al.. Effects of biofuel crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) cultivation on soil carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions: A review. Life Basel, 2022, 12(12. ArticleID: 2105

[20] Balan V. Current challenges in commercially producing biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. Int Sch Res Not, 2014, 1: 463074.

[21] Baldrian P. Fungal laccases – occurrence and properties. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 2006, 30(2): 215-242.

[22] Bals B, et al.. Evaluation of ammonia fibre expansion (AFEX) pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of switchgrass harvested in different seasons and locations. Biotechnol Biofuels, 2010, 3(1. ArticleID: 1

[23] Banner A, Toogood HS, Scrutton NS. Consolidated bioprocessing: synthetic biology routes to fuels and fine chemicals. Microorganisms, 2021, 9(5. ArticleID: 1079

[24] Banner A, Toogood HS, Scrutton NS. Consolidated bioprocessing: synthetic biology routes to fuels and fine chemicals. Microorganisms, 2021, 9(5. ArticleID: 1079

[25] Barbará PV, et al.. Recent advances in the use of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for lignocellulosic biorefineries and biobased chemical and material production. Chem Rev, 2025.

[26] Baruah J, et al.. Recent trends in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for value-added products. Front Energy Res, 2018.

[27] Bedru TK, et al.. Circular valorization of Argemone ochroleuca seed meal: biomass fractionation, bioethanol production, and hydrothermal carbonization. Bioresour Bioprocess, 2025, 12(1. ArticleID: 144

[28] Beeson WT, et al.. Oxidative cleavage of cellulose by fungal copper-dependent polysaccharide monooxygenases. J Am Chem Soc, 2011, 134(2): 890-892.

[29] Begum YA, et al.. A review on waste biomass-to-energy: integrated thermochemical and biochemical conversion for resource recovery. Environ Sci Adv, 2024, 3(9): 1197-1216.

[30] Belal EB. Bioethanol production from rice straw residues. Braz J Microbiol, 2013, 44(1): 225-234.

[31] Beopoulos A, et al.. Yarrowia lipolytica as a model for bio-oil production. Prog Lipid Res, 2009, 48(6): 375-387.

[32] Bergquist PL, Siddiqui S, Sunna A. Cell-free biocatalysis for the production of platform chemicals. Front Energy Res, 2020, 8. ArticleID: 572701

[33] Bimestre TA, et al.. Hydrodynamic cavitation for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment: a review of recent developments and future perspectives. Bioresour Bioprocess, 2022, 9(1. ArticleID: 7

[34] Binod P, et al.. Bioethanol production from rice straw: an overview. Bioresource Technol, 2010, 101(13): 4767-4774.

[35] Bissaro B, et al.. Oxidative cleavage of polysaccharides by monocopper enzymes depends on H2O2. Nat Chem Biol, 2017, 13(10): 1123-1128.

[36] Bolivar-Telleria M, et al.. Second-generation bioethanol from coconut husk. BioMed Res Int, 2018, 2018(1): 4916497.

[37] Brandt A, et al.. Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquids. Green Chem, 2013, 15(3): 550-583.

[38] Branska B, et al.. Application of fed-batch strategy to fully eliminate the negative effect of lignocellulose-derived inhibitors in ABE fermentation. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod, 2024, 17(1. ArticleID: 87

[39] Brienza F, et al.. Enhancing lignin depolymerization via a dithionite-assisted organosolv fractionation of birch sawdust. Green Chem, 2021, 23(9): 3268-3276.

[40] Brodeur G, et al.. Chemical and physicochemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass: a review. Enzyme Res, 2011, 2011(1): 787532.

[41] Brodeur G, et al.. Chemical and physicochemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass: a review. Enzyme Res, 2011, 2011(1. ArticleID: 787532

[42] Bušić A, et al.. Bioethanol production from renewable raw materials and its separation and purification: a review. Food Technol Biotechnol, 2018, 56(3. ArticleID: 289

[43] Bustamante-Vargas CE, et al.. In situ immobilization of commercial pectinase in rigid polyurethane foam and application in the hydrolysis of pectic oligosaccharides. J Mol Catal B Enzym, 2015, 122: 35-43.

[44] Cai C, et al.. Changing the role of lignin in enzymatic hydrolysis for a sustainable and efficient sugar platform. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 2023, 183(7435. ArticleID: 113445

[45] Caspeta L, Castillo T, Nielsen J. Modifying yeast tolerance to inhibitory conditions of ethanol production processes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2015, 3(NOV. ArticleID: 165551

[46] Cecil JH, et al.. Rapid, parallel identification of catabolism pathways of lignin-derived aromatic compounds in Novosphingobium aromaticivorans. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2018.

[47] Chandel H, et al.. Biotechnological advances in biomass pretreatment for bio-renewable production through nanotechnological intervention. Biomass Convers Biorefin, 2022, 14(3): 2959-2981.

[48] Chang D, et al.. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of the cellular biomarkers related to inhibitors tolerance in Zymomonas mobilis ZM4. Biotechnol Biofuels, 2018, 11(1. ArticleID: 283

[49] Cheng Y, et al.. Artificial intelligence technologies in bioprocess: opportunities and challenges. Bioresour Technol, 2023, 369. ArticleID: 128451

[50] Cherubini F, Strømman AH. Life cycle assessment of bioenergy systems: state of the art and future challenges. Bioresour Technol, 2011, 102(2): 437-451.

[51] Cherubini F, Strømman AH. Life cycle assessment of bioenergy systems: state of the art and future challenges. Bioresour Technol, 2011, 102(2): 437-451.

[52] Chhikara S, et al.. Engineering Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz for enhanced oil and seed yields by combining diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression. Plant Biotechnol J, 2018, 16(5): 1034-1045.

[53] Cho JS, et al.. Designing microbial cell factories for the production of chemicals. JACS Au, 2022, 2(8): 1781-1799.

[54] Chowdhury H, Loganathan B. Third-generation biofuels from microalgae: a review. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem, 2019, 20: 39-44.

[55] Chundawat SPS, et al.. Multi-scale visualization and characterization of lignocellulosic plant cell wall deconstruction during thermochemical pretreatment. Energy Environ Sci, 2011, 4(3): 973-984.

[56] Costa THF, et al.. Demonstration-scale enzymatic saccharification of sulfite-pulped spruce with addition of hydrogen peroxide for LPMO activation. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin, 2020, 14(4): 734-745.

[57] Cripwell R, et al.. Utilisation of wheat bran as a substrate for bioethanol production using recombinant cellulases and amylolytic yeast. Appl Energy, 2015, 160: 610-617.

[58] Dakal TC, et al.. New horizons in microbial fuel cell technology: applications, challenges, and prospects. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod, 2025, 18(1. ArticleID: 79

[59] Das D. Algal biorefinery: An integrated approach, 2016. Algal Biorefinery, An Integrated Approach.

[60] David K, Ragauskas AJ. Switchgrass as an energy crop for biofuel production: a review of its ligno-cellulosic chemical properties. Energy Environ Sci, 2010, 3(9): 1182-1190.

[61] Dhanraj R, Punnathanam V, Shastri Y. Multi-objective optimization of lignocellulosic ethanol production based on regional land and water availability. Comput Aided Chem Eng, 2021, 50: 1611-1616.

[62] Diakosavvas D, Frezal C. Bio-economy and the sustainability of the agriculture and food system. Opp Policy Chall, 2019.

[63] Dudley QM, Karim AS, Jewett MC. Cell-free metabolic engineering: biomanufacturing beyond the cell. Biotechnol J, 2015, 10(1): 69-82. WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION.

[64] Eckmann JB, et al.. Orthogonal chemical genomics approaches reveal genomic targets for increasing anaerobic chemical tolerance in Zymomonas mobilis. mSystems, 2025.

[65] Egbuna IK, et al.. Application of artificial intelligence in bioenergy supply chain management from feedstock collection to power generation. World J Adv Eng Technol Sci, 2025, 16(2): 141-153.

[66] Ejaz U, Sohail M, Ghanemi A. Cellulases: from bioactivity to a variety of industrial applications. Biomimetics, 2021, 6(3. ArticleID: 44

[67] Elfaleh I, et al.. A comprehensive review of natural fibers and their composites: an eco-friendly alternative to conventional materials. Results Eng, 2023, 19. ArticleID: 101271

[68] Falls M, et al.. Investigation of enzyme formulation on pretreated switchgrass. Bioresour Technol, 2011, 102(24): 11072-11079.

[69] Fan J, et al.. Pretreatment technologies for lignocellulosic biomass: research progress, mechanisms, and prospects. BioResources, 2025.

[70] Fischer CR, Klein-Marcuschamer D, Stephanopoulos G. Selection and optimization of microbial hosts for biofuels production. Metab Eng, 2008, 10(6): 295-304.

[71] Fu R, et al.. Application and progress of techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment in biomanufacturing of fuels and chemicals. Green Chem Eng, 2023, 4(2): 189-198.

[72] Galbe M, Wallberg O. Pretreatment for biorefineries: a review of common methods for efficient utilisation of lignocellulosic materials. Biotechnol Biofuels, 2019, 12(1. ArticleID: 294

[73] Garg R, et al.. Advances in AI-driven biomass processing: a review of conversion technologies, optimization strategies, and smart energy integration. ACS Omega, 2025, 10(42): 49300-49320.

[74] Gebremariam SK, et al.. Metal-organic framework hybrid adsorbents for carbon capture – a review. J Environ Chem Eng, 2023, 11(2. ArticleID: 109291

[75] Ghafarian Nia SA, et al.. Machine learning optimization of catalytic CO₂ hydrogenation to dimethyl ether for clean fuel production. J Environ Chem Eng, 2025, 13(5. ArticleID: 118064

[76] Ghiat I, Al-Ansari T. A review of carbon capture and utilisation as a CO2 abatement opportunity within the EWF nexus. J CO2 Util, 2021, 45. ArticleID: 101432

[77] Giacomella L. Techno-economic assessment (TEA) and life cycle costing analysis (LCCA): discussing methodological steps and integrability. Insights Reg Dev, 2021, 3(2): 176-197.

[78] Gschwend FJV, et al.. Rapid pretreatment of Miscanthus using the low-cost ionic liquid triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate at elevated temperatures. Green Chem, 2018, 20(15): 3486-3498.

[79] Haberzettl J, Hilgert P, von Cossel M. A critical review on lignocellulosic biomass yield modeling and the bioenergy potential from marginal land. Agronomy, 2021, 11(12. ArticleID: 2397

[80] Hafez A-S, et al.. Bio ethanol production from rice straw saccharification via Avicelase gene in E. coli recombinant strain. Clean Technol, 2023, 5(2): 451-465.

[81] Hammel KE, Cullen D. Role of fungal peroxidases in biological ligninolysis. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2008, 11(3): 349-355.

[82] Hannon M, et al.. Biofuels from algae: challenges and potential. Biofuels, 2010, 1(5): 763-784.

[83] Heaton EA, et al.. Miscanthus for renewable energy generation: European Union experience and projections for Illinois. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change, 2004, 9(4): 433-451.

[84] Hemsworth GR, et al.. The copper active site of CBM33 polysaccharide oxygenases. J Am Chem Soc, 2013, 135(16): 6069-6077.

[85] Himmel ME, et al.. Biomass recalcitrance: engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production. Science, 2007, 315(5813): 804-807.

[86] Hoang AT, et al.. Microbial fuel cells for bioelectricity production from waste as sustainable prospect of future energy sector. Chemosphere, 2022.

[87] Hou Q, et al.. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquids and ionic liquid-based solvent systems. Molecules, 2017, 22(3. ArticleID: 490

[88] Huijgen WJJ, et al.. Fractionation of wheat straw by prehydrolysis, organosolv delignification and enzymatic hydrolysis for production of sugars and lignin. Bioresour Technol, 2012, 114: 389-398.

[89] Humbird D et al (2002) Process design and economics for biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: dilute-acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. Available at: http://www.osti.gov/bridge (Accessed: January 5, 2026)

[90] Humbird D et al. (2011) Process design and economics for biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: dilute-acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. https://doi.org/10.2172/1013269

[91] Inyang V, Laseinde OT, Kanakana GM (2022) Techniques and applications of lignocellulose biomass sources as transport fuels and other bio products, International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 17:900–909. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/IJLCT/CTAC068

[92] Jain S, Kumar S. A comprehensive review of bioethanol production from diverse feedstocks: current advancements and economic perspectives. Energy, 2024, 296. ArticleID: 131130

[93] Jain L, Kurmi AK, Agrawal D. Benchmarking hydrolytic potential of cellulase cocktail obtained from mutant strain of Talaromyces verruculosus IIPC 324 with commercial biofuel enzymes. 3 Biotech, 2019, 9(1. ArticleID: 23

[94] Janusz G, et al.. Lignin degradation: microorganisms, enzymes involved, genomes analysis and evolution. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 2017, 41(6): 941-962.

[95] Jensen JR, et al.. Effects of dilute acid pretreatment conditions on enzymatic hydrolysis monomer and oligomer sugar yields for aspen, balsam, and switchgrass. Bioresour Technol, 2010, 101(7): 2317-2325.

[96] Jilani SB, Olson DG. Mechanism of furfural toxicity and metabolic strategies to engineer tolerance in microbial strains. Microb Cell Fact, 2023, 22(1. ArticleID: 221

[97] Jönsson LJ, Martín C. Pretreatment of lignocellulose: formation of inhibitory by-products and strategies for minimizing their effects. Bioresour Technol, 2016, 199: 103-112.

[98] Jönsson LJ, Alriksson B, Nilvebrant NO. Bioconversion of lignocellulose: inhibitors and detoxification. Biotechnol Biofuels, 2013, 6(1): 16.

[99] Kammoun M, et al.. The key role of pretreatment for the one-step and multi-step conversions of European lignocellulosic materials into furan compounds. RSC Adv, 2023, 13(31): 21587-21612.

[100] Karimi K, Shafiei M, Kumar R. Progress in physical and chemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Biofuel Technol Recent Develop, 2013, 9783642345197: 53-96.

[101] Katagi VN, et al.. Waste to value-added products: an innovative approach forsustainable production of microbial biopolymer (PHA) - emphasis on inexpensive carbon feedstock. Environ Technol Rev, 2023, 12(1): 570-587.

[102] Khaleghian H, Molaverdi M, Karimi K. Silica removal from rice straw to improve its hydrolysis and ethanol production. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2017, 56(35): 9793-9798.

[103] Kiely PD, et al.. Long-term cathode performance and the microbial communities that develop in microbial fuel cells fed different fermentation endproducts. Bioresour Technol, 2011, 102(1): 361-366.

[104] Kim S, Dale BE. Life cycle assessment of various cropping systems utilized for producing biofuels: bioethanol and biodiesel. Biomass Bioenergy, 2005, 29(6): 426-439.

[105] Kim S, Kim CH. Bioethanol production using the sequential acid/alkali-pretreated empty palm fruit bunch fiber. Renew Energy, 2013, 54: 150-155.

[106] Kim JS, Lee YY, Kim TH. A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol, 2016, 199: 42-48.

[107] Kommedal EG, et al.. Visible light-exposed lignin facilitates cellulose solubilization by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1. ArticleID: 1063

[108] Kommedal EG, et al.. Visible light-exposed lignin facilitates cellulose solubilization by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1): 1063.

[109] Kommedal EG, et al.. Visible light-exposed lignin facilitates cellulose solubilization by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1): 1063.

[110] Korman TP, Opgenorth PH, Bowie JU. A synthetic biochemistry platform for cell free production of monoterpenes from glucose. Nat Commun, 2017, 8(1. ArticleID: 15526

[111] Kumar S, et al.. Enhancement of microalgal CO2 fixation in photobioreactors by means of spiral flow vortices. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod, 2025, 18(1. ArticleID: 47

[112] Kumar A, et al.. Phenolic acids in fermented foods: microbial biotransformation, antioxidant mechanisms, and functional health implications. Front Mol Biosci, 2025, 12: 1678673.

[113] Kung Y, Runguphan W, Keasling JD. From fields to fuels: recent advances in the microbial production of biofuels. ACS Synth Biol, 2012, 1(11): 498-513.

[114] Kurambhatti CV, et al.. Ethanol production from corn fiber separated after liquefaction in the dry grind process. Energies, 2018, 11(11. ArticleID: 2921

[115] Lal PB, et al.. A markerless method for genome engineering in Zymomonas mobilis ZM4. Front Microbiol, 2019, 10: 490357.

[116] Lal PB, et al.. Improving mobilization of foreign DNA into Zymomonas mobilis strain ZM4 by removal of multiple restriction systems. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2021, 87(19): 1-16.

[117] Lama S, et al.. Metabolic engineering in lignocellulose biorefining for high-value chemicals: recent advances, challenges, and outlook for enabling a bioeconomy. Front Ind Microbiol, 2024, 1. ArticleID: 1319774

[118] Lee TS, et al.. BglBrick vectors and datasheets: a synthetic biology platform for gene expression. J Biol Eng, 2011, 5. ArticleID: 12

[119] Lewandowski I, et al.. The development and current status of perennial rhizomatous grasses as energy crops in the US and Europe. Biomass Bioenergy, 2003, 25(4): 335-361.

[120] Li G, Yao J. A review of algae-based carbon capture, utilization, and storage (Algae-Based CCUS). Gases, 2024, 4(4): 468-503.

[121] Li Q, Du W, Liu D. Perspectives of microbial oils for biodiesel production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2008, 80(5): 749-756.

[122] Li H, Gidley MJ, Dhital S. High-amylose starches to bridge the ‘fiber gap’: development, structure, and nutritional functionality. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf, 2019, 18(2): 362-379.

[123] Li D, et al.. Progress in Cu-based catalyst design for sustained electrocatalytic CO2 to C2+ conversion. Adv Sci, 2025, 12(13. ArticleID: 2416597

[124] Li D, et al.. Progress in Cu-based catalyst design for sustained electrocatalytic CO2 to C2+ conversion. Adv Sci, 2025, 12(13. ArticleID: 2416597

[125] Li R, et al.. Advances in ionic liquid recycling for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment. Green Chem, 2025, 27(48): 15338-15373.

[126] Liang Z, et al.. Potential use of bamboo resources in energy value-added conversion technology and energy systems. GCB Bioenergy, 2023, 15(8): 936-953.

[127] Liang C, et al.. Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment of biomass-derived polyhydroxyurethane and nonisocyanate polythiourethane production and reprocessing. ACS Sustain Chem Eng, 2024, 12(32): 12161-12170.

[128] Liao M, Yao Y. Applications of artificial intelligence-based modeling for bioenergy systems: a review. GCB Bioenergy, 2021, 13(5): 774-802.

[129] Limbalkar OM, et al.. Deployment of Brassica carinata A. Braun derived Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. lines for improving heterosis and water use efficiency under water deficit stress conditions. Front Plant Sci, 2021, 12. ArticleID: 765645

[130] Linger JG, Darzins A. Consolidated bioprocessing. Adv Biofuels Bioprod, 2013, 9781461433484: 267-280.

[131] Liu P, et al.. Recent advances in the application of deep eutectic solvents as sustainable media as well as catalysts in organic reactions. RSC Adv, 2015, 5(60): 48675-48704.

[132] Lu C, et al.. Biotransformation of phenolic acids in foods: pathways, key enzymes, and technological applications. Foods, 2025, 14(13. ArticleID: 2187

[133] Lynd LR, et al.. Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 2002, 66(3): 506-577.

[134] Lynd LR, et al.. How biotech can transform biofuels. Nat Biotechnol, 2008, 26(2): 169-172.

[135] Lynd LR, et al.. Cellulosic ethanol: status and innovation. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2017, 45: 202-211.

[136] Lynd LR, et al.. Cellulosic ethanol: status and innovation. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2017, 45(5): 202-211.

[137] MacRelli S, Mogensen J, Zacchi G. Techno-economic evaluation of 2nd generation bioethanol production from sugar cane bagasse and leaves integrated with the sugar-based ethanol process. Biotechnol Biofuels, 2012, 5(1. ArticleID: 22

[138] Magri S et al. (no date a) Lignin-first pretreatment combined with photostimulated enzymatic hydrolysis enables yield-1 gaining conversion of wood biomass 2 3. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2024-w82q6

[139] Magri S et al. (no date b) Lignin-first pretreatment combined with photostimulated enzymatic hydrolysis enables yield-1 gaining conversion of wood biomass 2 3. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2024-w82q6

[140] Mahmud MA, Anannya FR. Sugarcane bagasse - A source of cellulosic fiber for diverse applications. Heliyon, 2021, 7(8): e07771-e07771.

[141] Mahmud R, et al.. Integration of techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment for sustainable process design – a review. J Clean Prod, 2021, 317. ArticleID: 128247

[142] Manikandan A, Yennamalli RM. Machine learning-based structural classification of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. bioRxiv, 2025.

[143] Mbaneme-Smith V, Chinn MS. Consolidated bioprocessing for biofuel production: recent advances. Energy Emiss Control Technol, 2015, 3: 23-44.

[144] Milano J, et al.. A comprehensive exploration of Jatropha curcas biodiesel production as a viable alternative feedstock in the fuel industry – performance evaluation and feasibility analysis. Mech Eng Soc Ind, 2024, 4(1): 17-37.

[145] Minty JJ, et al.. Design and characterization of synthetic fungal-bacterial consortia for direct production of isobutanol from cellulosic biomass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2013, 110(36): 14592-14597.

[146] Mishra S, et al.. Genetic tools for engineering Zymomonas mobilis, Cereibacter sphaeroides and Novosphingobium aromaticivorans to improve production of bioenergy compounds. Microb Cell Fact, 2025, 24(1. ArticleID: 239

[147] Mishra S, et al.. Genetic tools for engineering Zymomonas mobilis, Cereibacter sphaeroides and Novosphingobium aromaticivorans to improve production of bioenergy compounds. Microb Cell Fact, 2025.

[148] Mondal PP, et al.. Review on machine learning-based bioprocess optimization, monitoring, and control systems. Bioresour Technol, 2023, 370. ArticleID: 128523

[149] Mosier N. Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol, 2005, 96(6): 673-686.

[150] Mosier N. Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol, 2005, 96(6): 673-686.

[151] Mullet J, et al.. Energy Sorghum—a genetic model for the design of C4 grass bioenergy crops. J Exp Bot, 2014, 65(13): 3479-3489.

[152] Myers KS, et al.. Using genome scale mutant libraries to identify essential genes. Methods Mol Biol, 2022, 2377: 215-236.

[153] Naik SN, et al.. Production of first and second generation biofuels: a comprehensive review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 2010, 14(2): 578-597.

[154] Naik SN, et al.. Production of first and second generation biofuels: a comprehensive review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 2010, 14(2): 578-597.

[155] Nair LG, Verma P. Harnessing carbon potential of lignocellulosic biomass: advances in pretreatments, applications, and the transformative role of machine learning in biorefineries. Bioresour Bioprocess, 2025, 12(1. ArticleID: 97

[156] Nair LG, Agrawal K, Verma P. Organosolv pretreatment: an in-depth purview of mechanics of the system. Bioresour Bioprocess, 2023, 10(1. ArticleID: 50

[157] Namboonlue S, et al.. Predictive reducing sugar release from lignocellulosic biomass using sequential acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis by harnessing a machine learning approach. Comput Struct Biotechnol J, 2025, 27: 4246-4256.

[158] Niju S, Swathika M. Delignification of sugarcane bagasse using pretreatment strategies for bioethanol production. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol, 2019, 20. ArticleID: 101263

[159] Ningthoujam R, et al.. Bioethanol production from alkali-pretreated rice straw: effects on fermentation yield, structural characterization, and ethanol analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2023, 11. ArticleID: 1243856

[160] Oberoi HS, et al.. Ethanol production from alkali-treated rice straw via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using newly isolated thermotolerant Pichia kudriavzevii HOP-1. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 2012, 39(4): 557-566.

[161] Obrzut N, et al.. The effects of lignin source and extraction on the composition and properties of biorefined depolymerization products. RSC Sustain, 2023, 1(9): 2328-2340.

[162] Ogunyewo OA, et al.. Synergistic action of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase and a cellobiohydrolase from Penicillium funiculosum in cellulose saccharification under high-level substrate loading. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2020, 86(23): 1-21.

[163] Ogunyewo OA, et al.. Synergistic action of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase and a cellobiohydrolase from Penicillium funiculosum in cellulose saccharification under high-level substrate loading. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2020, 86(23): 1-21.

[164] Ogunyewo OA, et al.. Synergistic action of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase and a cellobiohydrolase from Penicillium funiculosum in cellulose saccharification under high-level substrate loading. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2020, 86(23): 1-21.

[165] Ojo-kupoluyi OJ, Dele-Afolabi TT, Tahir SM. Harnessing sugarcane bagasse for bioenergy production: current status, optimization, and future directions. Sustain Energy Technol Assess, 2024, 72. ArticleID: 104074

[166] Okolie JA. Introduction of machine learning and artificial intelligence in biofuel technology. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem, 2024, 47. ArticleID: 100928

[167] Olson DG, et al.. Recent progress in consolidated bioprocessing. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2012, 23(3): 396-405.

[168] Østby H, Várnai A. Hemicellulolytic enzymes in lignocellulose processing. Essays Biochem, 2023, 67(3): 531.

[169] Owusu WA, Marfo SA. Artificial intelligence application in bioethanol production. Int J Energy Res, 2023, 2023(1): 7844835.

[170] Palmqvist E, Hahn-Hägerdal B. Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. I: inhibition and detoxification. Bioresour Technol, 2000, 74(1): 17-24.

[171] Palmqvist E, Hahn-Hägerdal B. Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. II: inhibitors and mechanisms of inhibition. Bioresour Technol, 2000, 74(1): 25-33.

[172] Pandya I, et al.. Ionic liquid/metal organic framework composites as a new class of materials for CO2 capture: present scenario and future perspective. J Mol Liq, 2024, 395. ArticleID: 123907

[173] Panich J, Fong B, Singer SW. Metabolic engineering of Cupriavidus necator H16 for sustainable biofuels from CO2. Trends Biotechnol, 2021, 39(4): 412-424.

[174] Panthapulakkal S, Sain M. The use of wheat straw fibres as reinforcements in composites. Biofiber reinforcements in composite materials, 2015423-453.

[175] Parawira W, Tekere M. Biotechnological strategies to overcome inhibitors in lignocellulose hydrolysates for ethanol production: review. Crit Rev Biotechnol, 2011, 31(1): 20-31.

[176] Parreiras LS, et al.. Engineering and two-stage evolution of a lignocellulosic hydrolysate-tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for anaerobic fermentation of xylose from AFEX pretreated corn stover. PLoS ONE, 2014, 9(9. ArticleID: e107499

[177] Perez JM, et al.. Redundancy in aromatic O-demethylation and ring opening reactions in Novosphingobium aromaticivorans and their impact in the metabolism of plant derived phenolics. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2021, 87(8): 1-23.

[178] Pérez-Almada D, et al.. Integrated techno-economic and environmental assessment of biorefineries: review and future research directions. Sustain Energy Fuels, 2023, 7(17): 4031-4050.

[179] Periyasamy S, et al.. Recent advances in consolidated bioprocessing for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol – a review. Chem Eng J, 2023, 453. ArticleID: 139783

[180] Phillips CM, et al.. Cellobiose dehydrogenase and a copper-dependent polysaccharide monooxygenase potentiate cellulose degradation by Neurospora crassa. ACS Chem Biol, 2011, 6(12): 1399-1406.

[181] Pilania P, Bhushan K, Phutela UG. Electro-fermentation for biofuel and biochemical production. Fermentation, 2025, 11(4. ArticleID: 219

[182] Plácido J, Capareda S. Ligninolytic enzymes: a biotechnological alternative for bioethanol production. Bioresour Bioprocess, 2015, 2(1. ArticleID: 23

[183] Priya AK, et al.. Artificial intelligence enabled carbon capture: a review. Sci Total Environ, 2023, 886. ArticleID: 163913

[184] Qin X, et al.. Induction, purification and characterization of a novel manganese peroxidase from Irpex lacteus CD2 and its application in the decolorization of different types of dye. PLoS ONE, 2014, 9(11. ArticleID: e113282

[185] Rabaey K, Rozendal RA. Microbial electrosynthesis — revisiting the electrical route for microbial production. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2010, 8(10): 706-716.

[186] Ragauskas AJ, et al.. Lignin valorization: improving lignin processing in the biorefinery. Science, 2014.

[187] Ratledge C, Wynn JP. The biochemistry and molecular biology of lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms. Adv Appl Microbiol, 2002, 51: 1-52.

[188] Riayatsyah TMI, et al.. Current progress of Jatropha curcas commoditisation as biodiesel feedstock: a comprehensive review. Front Energy Res, 2022, 9. ArticleID: 815416

[189] Riaz S, et al.. Recent developments and emerging methodologies in the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Sustain Chem Environ, 2025, 11(2243. ArticleID: 100285

[190] Rocha GJM, et al.. Mass balance of pilot-scale pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse by steam explosion followed by alkaline delignification. Bioresource Technol, 2012, 111: 447-452.

[191] Rowell RM and Stout HP (2007) Jute and Kenaf Chapter 7

[192] Rumbold K, et al.. Microbial renewable feedstock utilization: a substrate-oriented approach. Bioengineered Bugs, 2010, 1(5): 359-366.

[193] Samantaray B, et al.. Bioethanol production from agro-wastes: a comprehensive review with a focus on pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. Int J Green Energy, 2024, 21(6): 1398-1424.

[194] Sanoja-Lopez K, Loor-Molina N, Luque R. Rice waste feedstocks: a review of alternatives for their conversion into high-value added products. BioResources, 2024, 19(1): 1814-1843

[195] Satari B, Karimi K, Kumar R. Cellulose solvent-based pretreatment for enhanced second-generation biofuel production: a review. Sustain Energy Fuels, 2018, 3(1): 11-62.

[196] Saunders J, et al.. Limitations and challenges for wheat-based bioethanol production. Econ Effects Biofuel Product, 2011.

[197] Savakis P, Hellingwerf KJ. Engineering cyanobacteria for direct biofuel production from CO2. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2015, 33: 8-14.

[198] Sayler RI, et al.. Electron transfer in polysaccharide monooxygenase catalysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2024, 122(1. ArticleID: e2411229121

[199] Schmidt AS, Thomsen AB. Optimization of wet oxidation pretreatment of wheat straw. Bioresour Technol, 1998, 64(2): 139-151.

[200] Schmidt S, et al.. Identification of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae glucosidase that hydrolyzes flavonoid glucosides. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2011, 77(5): 1751-1757.

[201] Selwal N, et al.. Emerging technologies in biomass conversion: bioengineering and nanocatalysts to AI-driven process optimization. Biomass Bioenergy, 2025, 200. ArticleID: 108054

[202] Shallom D, Shoham Y. Microbial hemicellulases. Curr Opin Microbiol, 2003, 6(3): 219-228.

[203] Sharma YC, Singh B. A hybrid feedstock for a very efficient preparation of biodiesel. Fuel Process Technol, 2010, 91(10): 1267-1273.

[204] Sheldon RA, van Pelt S. Enzyme immobilisation in biocatalysis: why, what and how. Chem Soc Rev, 2013, 42(15): 6223-6235.

[205] Shields-Menard SA, et al.. A review on microbial lipids as a potential biofuel. Bioresource Technol, 2018, 259(8): 451-460.

[206] Shonnard DR, Williams L, Kalnes TN. Camelina-derived jet fuel and diesel: sustainable advanced biofuels. Environ Prog Sustain Energy, 2010, 29(3): 382-392.

[207] Shuai L, et al.. Comparative study of SPORL and dilute-acid pretreatments of spruce for cellulosic ethanol production. Bioresource Technol, 2010, 101(9): 3106-3114.

[208] Singh J, Dhar DW. Overview of carbon capture technology: microalgal biorefinery concept and state-of-the-art. Front Mar Sci, 2019, 6(FEB. ArticleID: 417505

[209] Sitepu IR, et al.. Oleaginous yeasts for biodiesel: current and future trends in biology and production. Biotechnol Adv, 2014, 32(7): 1336-1360.

[210] Smuga-Kogut M, et al.. Use of machine learning methods for predicting amount of bioethanol obtained from lignocellulosic biomass with the use of ionic liquids for pretreatment. Energies, 2021, 14(1. ArticleID: 243

[211] Stamenković OS, et al.. Biodiesel production from camelina oil: present status and future perspectives. Food Energy Secur, 2023, 12(1): e340-e340.

[212] Stepnov AA, Eijsink VGH, Forsberg Z. Enhanced in situ H2O2 production explains synergy between an LPMO with a cellulose-binding domain and a single-domain LPMO. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1. ArticleID: 6129

[213] Stepnov AA, Eijsink VGH, Forsberg Z. Enhanced in situ H2O2 production explains synergy between an LPMO with a cellulose-binding domain and a single-domain LPMO. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1. ArticleID: 6129

[214] Stepnov AA, Eijsink VGH, Forsberg Z. Enhanced in situ H₂O₂ production explains synergy between an LPMO with a cellulose-binding domain and a single-domain LPMO. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1. ArticleID: 6129

[215] Stepnov AA, et al.. Revisiting the activity of two poly(vinyl chloride)- and polyethylene-degrading enzymes. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1. ArticleID: 8501

[216] Sudhakar MP, Viswanaathan S. Algae as a sustainable and renewable bioresource for bio-fuel production. New Future Dev Microb Biotechnol Bioeng Microb Biotechnol Agro-Environ Sustain, 2019.

[217] Sulis DB, et al.. Advances in lignocellulosic feedstocks for bioenergy and bioproducts. Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1. ArticleID: 1244

[218] Sun Y, Cheng J. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review. Bioresour Technol, 2002, 83(1): 1-11.

[219] Tana T, et al.. Structural changes of Sugar Cane Bagasse lignin during cellulosic ethanol production process. ACS Sustain Chem Eng, 2016, 4(10): 5483-5494.

[220] Taqieddin E, Amiji M. Enzyme immobilization in novel alginate–chitosan core-shell microcapsules. Biomaterials, 2004, 25(10): 1937-1945.

[221] Tarasov D, Leitch M, Fatehi P. Lignin–carbohydrate complexes: properties, applications, analyses, and methods of extraction: a review. Biotechnol Biofuels, 2018, 11(1. ArticleID: 269

[222] Tian G, et al.. Upgrading CO₂ to sustainable aromatics via perovskite-mediated tandem catalysis. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1. ArticleID: 3037

[223] Trinh CT, et al.. Redesigning Escherichia coli metabolism for anaerobic production of isobutanol †. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2011, 77(14): 4894-4904.

[224] Turhan-Haskara GD. Characterisation of bio composites for bio-manufacturing: jute-reinforced bacterial cellulose for construction. MATEC Web Conf, 2024, 401: 11006.

[225] Ujor VC, Okonkwo CC. Microbial detoxification of lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates: biochemical and molecular aspects, challenges, exploits and future perspectives. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 10. ArticleID: 1061667

[226] Ullah K, et al.. Algal biomass as a global source of transport fuels: overview and development perspectives. Progress Nat Sci Mater Int, 2014, 24(4): 329-339.

[227] Ullah A, et al.. Process intensification strategies for green solvent mediated biomass pretreatment. Bioresour Technol, 2023, 369. ArticleID: 128394

[228] Ummalyma SB, Herojit N, Sukumaran RK. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment of bamboo residues and its influence on physiochemical properties and enzymatic digestibility for bioethanol production. Front Energy Res, 2024, 12. ArticleID: 1444813

[229] Vaaje-Kolstad G, et al.. An oxidative enzyme boosting the enzymatic conversion of recalcitrant polysaccharides. Science, 2010, 330(6001): 219-222.

[230] Van Dam JEG, et al.. Process for production of high density/high performance binderless boards from whole coconut husk: Part 1: lignin as intrinsic thermosetting binder resin. Ind Crops Products, 2004, 19(3): 207-216.

[231] Van Den Bosch S, et al.. Reductive lignocellulose fractionation into soluble lignin-derived phenolic monomers and dimers and processable carbohydrate pulps. Energy Environ Sci, 2015, 8(6): 1748-1763.

[232] Velo-Gala I, et al.. Cellulase immobilization on nanostructured supports for biomass waste processing. Nanomaterials Basel, 2022, 12(21. ArticleID: 3796

[233] Venkata Mohan S, et al.. Waste biorefinery models towards sustainable circular bioeconomy: critical review and future perspectives. Bioresour Technol, 2016, 215: 2-12.

[234] Verdía Barbará P, et al.. Recent advances in the use of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for lignocellulosic biorefineries and biobased chemical and material production. Chem Rev, 2025, 125(12): 5461-5583.

[235] Vohra M, et al.. Bioethanol production: feedstock and current technologies. J Environ Chem Eng, 2014, 2(1): 573-584.

[236] Vuong PAT, et al.. Rough set machine learning-based model for prediction of deep eutectic solvent pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Clean Technol Environ Policy, 2025, 27(11): 6459-6477.

[237] Wang M, et al.. A two-step strategy for high-value-added utilization of rapeseed meal by concurrent improvement of phenolic extraction and protein conversion for microbial iturin a production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2021, 9: 735714.

[238] Wang J, et al.. A review of recent advances in microbial fuel cells: preparation, operation, and application. Biotech, 2022, 11(4. ArticleID: 44

[239] Wang H, et al.. Recent biotechnology advances in bio-conversion of lignin to lipids by bacterial cultures. Front Chem, 2022, 10: 894593.

[240] Wang J, et al.. Evaluation of phenolics biotransformation and health promoting properties of blueberry juice following lactic acid bacteria fermentation. Food Sci Technol, 2023, 43. ArticleID: e104522

[241] Wang ZZ, et al.. Fermentation design and process optimization strategy based on machine learning. Biodesign Res, 2025, 7(1. ArticleID: 100002

[242] Wariishi H, Valli K, Gold MH. In vitro depolymerization of lignin by manganese peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1991, 176(1): 269-275.

[243] Woźniak A, et al.. Review of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment using physical, thermal and chemical methods for higher yields in bioethanol production. Sustain Basel, 2025.

[244] Xie T, Fan M. Machine learning models for predicting enzymatic hydrolysis yields of lignocellulosic biomass after various pretreatments. Ind Crops Prod, 2025, 235. ArticleID: 121644

[245] Xu Z, Huang F. Pretreatment methods for bioethanol production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2014, 174(1): 43-62.

[246] Xu Z, et al.. Recent advances in lignin valorization with bacterial cultures: microorganisms, metabolic pathways, and bio-products. Biotechnol Biofuels, 2019, 12(1. ArticleID: 32

[247] Yan X, et al.. Paradigm of engineering recalcitrant non-model microorganism with dominant metabolic pathway as a biorefinery chassis. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1. ArticleID: 10441

[248] Yang B, Wyman CE. Pretreatment: the key to unlocking low-cost cellulosic ethanol. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin, 2008, 2(1): 26-40.

[249] Yang S, et al.. Zymomonas mobilis as a model system for production of biofuels and biochemicals. Microb Biotechnol, 2016, 9(6): 699-717.

[250] Yang KK, Wu Z, Arnold FH. Machine learning-guided directed evolution for protein engineering. Nat Methods, 2018, 16(8): 687-694.

[251] Yang Z, et al.. Process design and economics for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into jet fuel range cycloalkanes. Energy, 2018, 154(21): 289-297.

[252] Yang J, et al.. CARE: a benchmark suite for the classification and retrieval of enzymes. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst, 2024.

[253] Yang B, Wyman Charles E (2008) Pretreatment: the key to unlocking low-cost cellulosic ethanol. 2:26–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.49

[254] Yang Y et al (2018) Progress and perspective on lignocellulosic hydrolysate inhibitor tolerance improvement in Zymomonas mobilis, Bioresources and Bioprocessing. 2018;5(1):6. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/S40643-018-0193-9.

[255] Yao L, et al.. Adaptive laboratory evolution to obtain furfural tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioethanol production and the underlying mechanism. Front Microbiol, 2023, 14: 1333777.

[256] Yuan Y, et al.. Elucidating the synergistic action between sulfonated lignin and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) in enhancing cellulose hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol, 2025.

[257] Yuan Y, et al.. Elucidating the synergistic action between sulfonated lignin and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) in enhancing cellulose hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol, 2025.

[258] Zhang T, et al.. Rapid selection and identification of Miscanthus genotypes with enhanced glucan and xylan yields from hydrothermal pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Biofuels, 2012.

[259] Zhang Y, et al.. Microbial upcycling of depolymerized lignin into value-added chemicals. BioDesign Res, 2024, 6. ArticleID: 0027

[260] Zhao H. Methods for stabilizing and activating enzymes in ionic liquids - a review. J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 2010, 85(7): 891-907.

[261] Zhao ZM, et al.. Cosolvent enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation tailoring lignin chemistry and enhancing lignin bioconversion. Bioresource Technol, 2022, 347. ArticleID: 126367

[262] Zhou Y, et al.. Biotransformation of phenolics and metabolites and the change in antioxidant activity in kiwifruit induced by Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation. J Sci Food Agric, 2020, 100(8): 3283-3290.

[263] Zhou Z, et al.. Oxidative pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enzymatic hydrolysis: progress and challenges. Bioresource Technol, 2023, 367. ArticleID: 128208

[264] Zhou L, et al.. Computational modeling-guided design of deep eutectic solvents for tailoring lignin chemistry during lignocellulose pretreatment. Green Chem, 2025, 27(21): 6260-6271.

[265] Zuroff TR, Curtis WR. Developing symbiotic consortia for lignocellulosic biofuel production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2012, 93(4): 1423-1435.

Funding

Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

The Author(s)