Ce–Zr-based mixed oxide catalyst for oxidative depolymerization of kenaf stalk (biomass) into vanillin

Abstract

Since petroleum became depleted, rapid attention has been devoted to renewable energy sources such as lignocellulosic biomass to produce useful chemicals for industry (for instance vanillin). Three primary components of lignocellulose are lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. This paper uses microwave-assisted technology to oxidize the kenaf stalk (lignocellulosic biomass) and extract lignin to produce vanillin. Catalysts with variable acid–base and redox properties are essential for the mentioned effective conversion, for this reason, CeO₂–CA, ZrO₂–CA, and CeZrO₂–CA catalysts were synthesized. The citrate complexation method was used for the catalyst synthesis and the physicochemical characteristics were analyzed by XRD, FTIR, FE–SEM, TEM, BET, and TPO. The characterization results demonstrated that CeZrO₂–CA shows the smallest sized crystallites with a large specific surface area among the other chosen catalysts. For vanillin production, the effect of reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst loading was studied. It was observed that compared to other catalysts, CeZrO₂–CA produced the highest vanillin yield of 9.90% for kenaf stalk for 5 wt% of CeZrO₂–CA at 160 °C for 30 min. Furthermore, vanillin production using extracted lignin is studied keeping CeZrO₂–CA as a catalyst and with the same operating parameters, which yielded 14.3% of vanillin. Afterward, the change in yield with respect to pH is also presented. Finally, the recyclability of catalyst is also studied, which showed that it has a strong metal support and greater stability which may give industrial applications a significant boost.

Keywords

Biomass / Vanillin / Oxidative depolymerization / Citrate complexation method / CeZrO₂–CA

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Funding

Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(FRGS/1/2020/STG04/UTP/02/2)