Production of spiculisporic acid by Talaromyces trachyspermus in fed-batch bioreactor culture

Abstract

Spiculisporic acid (SA) is a fatty acid-type biosurfactant with one lactone ring and two carboxyl groups. It has been used in metal removers and cosmetics, because of its low propensity to cause irritation to the skin, its anti-bacterial properties, and high surface activity. In the present study, we report an effective method for producing SA by selecting a high-producing strain and investigating the effective medium components, conditions, and environments for its culture. Among the 11 kinds of Talaromyces species, T. trachyspermus NBRC 32238 showed the highest production of a crystalline substance, which was determined to be SA using NMR. The strain was able to produce SA under acidic conditions from hexoses, pentoses, and disaccharides, with glucose and sucrose serving as the most appropriate substrates. Investigation of nitrogen sources and trace metal ions revealed meat extract and FeCl₃ as components that promoted SA production. Upon comparing the two types of cultures with glucose in a baffle flask or aeration bioreactor, SA production was found to be slightly higher in the flask than in the reactor. In the bioreactor culture, sucrose was found to be an appropriate substrate for SA production, as compared to glucose, because with sucrose, the lag time until the start of SA production was shortened. Finally, fed-batch culture with sucrose resulted in 60 g/L of SA, with a total yield of 0.22 g SA/g sucrose and a productivity of 6.6 g/L/day.

Keywords

Biosurfactant / Spiculisporic acid / Talaromyces trachyspermus / Fed-batch culture / Bioreactor

References

[1] Ahmadi-Ashtiani HR, Baldisserotto A, Cesa E, . Microbial biosurfactants as key multifunctional ingredients for sustainable cosmetics. Cosmetics, 2020, 7: 1-34.

[2] Banat IM, Makkar RS, Cameotra SS. Potential commercial applications of microbial surfactants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2000, 53: 495-508.

[3] Benjamin CR. Ascocarps of Aspergillus and Penicillium. Mycologia, 1955, 47: 669-687.

[4] Brandänge S, Dahlman O, Lindqvist B, . Absolute configuration and enantioselective synthesis of spiculisporic acid. Acta Chem Scand, 1984, 38: 837-844.

[5] Brown SP, Goodwin NC, MacMillan DWC. The first enantioselective organocatalytic Mukaiyama–Michael reaction: a direct method for the synthesis of enantioenriched γ-butenolide architecture. J Am Chem Soc, 2003, 125: 1192-1194.

[6] Chakravarty I, Kundu K, Ojha S, . Development of various processing strategies for new generation antibiotics using different modes of bioreactors. JSM Biotechnol Bioeng, 2017, 4: 1073.

[7] Chen WC, Juang RS, Wei YH. Applications of a lipopeptide biosurfactant, surfactin, produced by microorganisms. Biochem Eng J, 2015, 103: 158-169.

[8] Choi YK, Lee CH, Takizawa Y, . Tricarboxylic acid biosurfactant derived from spiculisporic acid. J Jpn Oil Chem Soc, 1993, 42: 95-99.

[9] Clutterbuc PW, Raistrick H, Rintoul ML. On the production from glucose by Penicillium spiculisporum lehman of a new polybasic fatty acid, C₁₇H₂8O₆ (The lactone of γ -hydroxy-β δ -dicarboxypentadecoic acid). Philos Trans R Soc London Ser Contain Pap Biol Character, 1931, 220: 301-330.

[10] De Almeida DG, de Soares Da Silva R, Luna JM, . Biosurfactants: promising molecules for petroleum biotechnology advances. Front Microbiol, 2016, 7: 1-14.

[11] El Moslamy SH. Application of fed-batch fermentation modes for industrial bioprocess development of microbial behaviour. Ann Biotechnol Bioeng, 2019, 1: 1-11.

[12] Elazzazy AM, Abdelmoneim TS, Almaghrabi OA. Isolation and characterization of biosurfactant production under extreme environmental conditions by alkali-halo-thermophilic bacteria from Saudi Arabia. Saud J Biol Sci, 2015, 22: 466-475.

[13] Elsayed EA, Omar HG, El-Enshasy HA. Development of fed-batch cultivation strategy for efficient oxytetracycline production by Streptomyces rimosus at semi-industrial scale. Brazilian Arch Biol Technol, 2015, 58: 676-685.

[14] Fennell DI. The Genus Talaromyces: studies on Talaromyces and related genera II by Amelia C. Stolk, R. A. Samson. Mycologia, 1973, 65: 1221-1223.

[15] Frumkin H, Hess J, Vindigni S. Energy and public health: the challenge of peak petroleum. Public Health Rep, 2009, 124: 5-19.

[16] Hong JJ, Yang SM, Lee CH, . Ultrafiltration of divalent metal cations from aqueous solution using polycarboxylic acid type biosurfactant. J Colloid Interface Sci, 1998, 202: 63-73.

[17] Ishigami Y, Zhang Y, Ji F. Spiculisporic acid. functional development of biosurfactant. Chim Oggi-Chem Today, 2000, 18: 32-34.

[18] Ishigami Y, Zhang Y, Goto M. Molecular and crystal structure of spiculisporic acid and correlation with the surface activity. J Oleo Sci, 2013, 62: 795-802.

[19] Krause M, Neubauer A, Neubauer P. The fed-batch principle for the molecular biology lab: controlled nutrient diets in ready-made media improve production of recombinant proteins in Escherichiacoli. Microb Cell Fact, 2016, 15: 1-13.

[20] Kumla D, Dethoup T, Buttachon S, . Spiculisporic acid E, a new spiculisporic acid derivative and ergosterol derivatives from the marine-sponge associated fungus Talaromyces trachyspermus (KUFA 0021). Nat Prod Commun, 2014, 9: 1147-1150.

[21] Kunieda H, Sakamoto K. Function and application of surfactant and amphiphilic polymers, 2010, Tokyo: CMC Publishing.

[22] Mahamallik P, Pal A. Degradation of textile wastewater by modified photo-Fenton process: application of Co(II) adsorbed surfactant-modified alumina as heterogeneous catalyst. J Environ Chem Eng, 2017, 5: 2886-2893.

[23] Måhlén A. Properties of 2-decylcitrate synthase from Penicillium spiculisporum lehman. Eur J Biochem, 1971, 22: 104-114.

[24] Måhlén A. Purification and some properties of 2-decylhomocitrate synthase from Penicillium spiculisporum. Eur J Biochem, 1973, 38: 32-39.

[25] Melo RPF, Barros Neto EL, Moura MCPA, . Removal of direct yellow 27 dye using animal fat and vegetable oil-based surfactant. J Water Process Eng, 2015, 7: 196-202.

[26] Pekdemir T, Tokunaga S, Ishigami Y, Hong KJ. Removal of cadmium or lead from polluted water by biological amphiphiles. J Surfactants Deterg, 2000, 3: 43-46.

[27] Raffa P, Wever DAZ, Picchioni F, Broekhuis AA. Polymeric surfactants: Synthesis, properties, and links to applications. Chem Rev, 2015, 115: 8504-8563.

[28] Rufino RD, de Luna JM, de Campos Takaki GM, Sarubbo LA. Characterization and properties of the biosurfactant produced by Candida lipolytica UCP 0988. Electron J Biotechnol, 2014, 17: 34-38.

[29] Santos DKF, Rufino RD, Luna JM, . Biosurfactants: multifunctional biomolecules of the 21st century. Int J Mol Sci, 2016, 17: 1-31.

[30] Shiozawa H, Takahashi M, Takatsu T, . Trachyspic acid, a new metabolite produced by Talaromyces trachyspermus, that inhibits tumor cell heparanase: taxonomy of the producing strain, fermentation, isolation, structural elucidation, and biological activity. J Antibiot (tokyo), 1995, 48: 357-362.

[31] Soberón-Chávez G, Lépine F, Déziel E. Production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2005, 68: 718-725.

[32] Stolk AC, Samson RA. Studies on Talaromyces and related genera I. Hamigera gen. nov. and Byssochlamys. Persoonia-Mol Phylogeny Evol Fungi, 1971, 6: 341-357.

[33] Tabuchi T, Isei N, Etsuko H, Kobayashi H. Factors affecting the production of the open-ring acid of spiculisporic acid by Penicillium spiculisporum. J Ferment Technol, 1977, 55: 43-49.

[34] Varjani SJ, Upasani VN. Critical review on biosurfactant analysis, purification and characterization using rhamnolipid as a model biosurfactant. Bioresour Technol, 2017, 232: 389-397.

[35] Vijayakumar S, Saravanan V. Biosurfactants—types, sources and applications. Res J Microbiol, 2015, 10: 181-192.

[36] Wang R, Liu TM, Shen MH, . Spiculisporic acids B-D, three new γ-butenolide derivatives from a sea urchin-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. HDf2. Molecules, 2012, 17: 13175-13182.

[37] Wang R, Guo ZK, Li XM, . Spiculisporic acid analogues of the marine-derived fungus, Aspergillus candidus strain HDf2, and their antibacterial activity. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Int J Gen Mol Microbiol, 2015, 108: 215-219.

[38] Yamazaki S, Ishigami Y, Gama Y. Emulsion copolymerization of ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate by using biosoap with polyfunctional groups. Kobunshi Ronbunshu, 1983, 40: 569-574.

[39] Year Book of Current Production Statics, Chemical Industry (2019) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan. https://www.meti.go.jp/statistics/tyo/seidou/result/gaiyo/resourceData/02_kagaku/nenpo/h2dbb2019k.pdf. Accessed 05 Mar 2021