Orange peel as low-cost adsorbent in the elimination of Cd(II) ion: kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamic and optimization evaluations

Abstract

The presence of heavy metals in polluted water is known not only to cause severe harm to marine organisms, but also to terrestrial plants and animals including human beings. This research applied low-cost and environmentally benign adsorbent primed from waste orange peel (OP) for the removal of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution via batch adsorption process. The surface properties of the orange peel powder were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectroscopy (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Operational conditions like temperature, contact time, sorbent dosage, solution pH and initial adsorbate concentration were investigated. The utmost uptake of Cd(II) ion was obtained at a contact time of 120 min, initial metal concentration of 240 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 0.04 g/L, temperature of 45 °C and solution pH of 5.5. Equilibrium results showed that the orange peel adsorbent has an adsorption capacity of 128.23 mg/g as obtained from the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption kinetics data followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model with correlation coefficient (R²) > 0.9 and low standard % error values. The adsorption process was found to be endothermic in nature with enthalpy of 0.0046 kJ mol⁻¹ and entropy of-636.865 Jmol⁻¹K⁻¹. Results from the optimization study indicated that higher adsorbent dosage and lower Cd(II) ion concentration increased the percentage of Cd(II) ion removal. Thus, orange peel could be used in the removal of Cd(II) ion from aqueous solutions.

Keywords

Adsorption / Cadmium / Equilibrium / Kinetics / Orange peel

References

[1] Adeogun AI, Idowu MA, Ofudje EA, Kareem SO, Ahmed SA. Comparative biosorption of Mn(II) and Pb(II) ions on raw and oxalic acid modified maize husk: kinetic, thermodynamic and isothermal studies. Appl Water Sci, 2013, 3: 167-179.

[2] Adeogun AI, Ofudje EA, Idowu MA, Kareem SO, Vahidhabanu S, Babu BR. Biosorption of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ from aqueous solution using tilapia fish scale (Oreochromis sp): kinetics, isothermal and thermodynamic study. Desalin Water Treatment, 2018, 107: 182-194.

[3] Adeogun AI, Akande JA, Idowu MA, Kareem SO. Magnetic tuned sorghum husk biosorbent for effective removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solution: isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics and optimization studies. Appl Water Sci, 2019, 9: 160.

[4] Arica A, Kuman M, Gercel O, Ayas E. Poly(dopamine) grafted bio-silica composite with tetraethylenepentamine ligands for enhanced adsorption of pollutants. Chem Eng Res Des, 2018

[5] Bayramoglu G, Arica MY. Amidoxime functionalized Trametes trogii pellets for removal of uranium(VI) from aqueous medium. J Radioanal Nucl Chem, 2015

[6] Baysal Z, Cinar E, Bulut Y, Alkan H, Dogru M. Equilibrium and thermodynamic studies on biosorption of Pb(II) onto Candida albicans biomass. J Hazard Mater, 2009, 161: 62-67.

[7] Bernard A. Cadmium & its adverse effects on human health. Indian J Med Res, 2008, 128(4): 557-564.

[8] Brinza L, Nygård CA, Dring MJ, Gavrilescu M, Benning LG. Cadmium tolerance and adsorption by the marine brown alga Fucus vesiculosus from the Irish Sea and the Bothnian Sea. Bioresour Technol, 2009, 100: 1727-1733.

[9] Cay S, Uyanık A, Özaşık A. Single and binary component adsorption of copper(II) and cadmium(II) from aqueous solutions using tea-industry waste. Sep Purif Technol, 2004, 38: 273-280.

[10] Cheung CW, Porter JF, McKay G. Sorption kinetic analysis for the removal of cadmium ions from effluents using bone char. Water Resour, 2001, 35: 605-612.

[11] Chunfang T, Yan S, Riqing Z, Xin L, Jinfeng SL, Yuting Z, Danling O. Comparison of the removal and adsorption mechanisms of cadmium and lead from aqueous solution by activated carbons prepared from Typha angustifolia and Salix matsudana. RSC Adv., 2017, 7: 16092-16103.

[12] Dehghani MH, Mahvi AH, Rastkari N, Saeedi R, Nazmara S, Iravani E. Adsorption of bisphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solutions by carbon nanotubes: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Desalin Water Treat., 2015, 54: 84-92.

[13] Dehghani HM, Zarei A, Mesdaghinia A, Nabizadeh R, Alimohammadi M, Afsharnia M. Response surface modeling, isotherm, thermodynamic and optimization study of arsenic (V) removal from aqueous solutions using modified bentonite-chitosan (MBC). Korean J Chem Eng, 2016, 32: 1-11.

[14] Doyurum S, Celik A. Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions by olive cake. J Hazard Mater, 2006, B138: 22-28.

[15] Dubinin MM, Zaverina ED, Radushkevich LV. Sorption and structure of active carbons. I. Adsorption of organic vapors. Zh Fiz Khim, 1947, 21: 1351-1362.

[16] Freundlich HMF. Über die adsorption in lösungen, Z. Phys Chem, 1906, 57: 385-470.

[17] Gavrilescu M. Removal of heavy metals from the environment by biosorption. Eng Life Sci, 2004, 4: 219-232.

[18] Gavrilescu M, Pavel LV, Cretescu I. Characterization and remediation of soils contaminated with uranium. J Hazard Mater, 2009, 163: 475-510.

[19] Ho YS, McKay G. Kinetic models for the sorption of dye from aqueous solution by wood. J Environ Sci Health B, 1998, 76(4): 183-191.

[20] Ho YS, Chiu WT, Hsu CS, Huang CT. Sorption of lead ions from aqueous solution using tree fern as a sorbent. Hydrometallurgy, 2004, 73: 55-61.

[21] Kapoor A, Viraraghavan T, Cullimore DR. Removal of heavy metals using the fungus Aspergillus niger. Bioresour Technol, 1999, 70: 95-104.

[22] Lagergren S. About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substance. Kung Sven Veten Hand, 1898, 24: 1-39.

[23] Langmuir I. The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. J Am Chem Soc, 1918, 40: 1361-1403.

[24] Lei T, Sheng-Jian L, Jiang F, Zi-Xuan R, Li-Lian W, Xiang-Jun Y, Li-Hong T, Shi-Xiong W. Adsorption of cadmium ions from an aqueous solution on a highly stable dopamine-modified magnetic nano-adsorbent. Nanoscale Res Lett, 2019, 14: 352.

[25] Min-Suk K, Jeong-Gyu K. Adsorption characteristics of spent Co_ee grounds as an alternative adsorbent for cadmium in solution. Environments, 2020

[26] Mohan D, Singh KP. Single- and multi-component adsorption of cadmium and zinc using activated carbon derived from bagasse-an agricultural waste. Water Res, 2002, 36: 2304-2318.

[27] Mohan D, Pittman CU Jr, Steele PH. Single, binary and multicomponent adsorption of copper and cadmium from aqueous solutions on Kraft lignin-a biosorbent. J Colloid Interf Sci., 2006, 297: 489-504.

[28] Morovat M, Chamani M, Zarei A, Sadeghi A. Dietary but not in ovo feeding of Silybum marianum extract resulted in an improvement in performance, immunity and carcass characteristics and decreased the adverse effects of high temperatures in broilers. Br Poult Sci, 2016, 57: 105-113.

[29] Ofudje EA, Williams OD, Asogwa KK, Awotula AO. Assessment of Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich Adsorption Isotherms in the study of the biosorption of Mn(II) ions from aqueous solution by untreated and acid-treated corn shaft. Int J Sci Eng Res, 2013, 4(7): 1628-1634.

[30] Ofudje EA, Awotula AO, Hambate GV, Akinwunmi F, Alayande SO, Olukanni OD. Acid activation of groundnut husk for copper adsorption: kinetics and equilibrium studies. Desalin Water Treatment, 2017, 86: 240-251.

[31] Ofudje EA, Adeogun AI, Idowu MA, Kareem SO, Ndukwe NA. Simultaneous removals of cadmium (II) ions and reactive yellow 4 dye from aqueous solution by bone meal derived apatite: kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic evaluations. J Anal Sci Technol., 2020, 11: 7.

[32] Peijia L, Jiajia W, Junmo A, Jaeheon L. Adsorption characteristics of Cd(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solution using succinylated hay. Int J Miner Metall Mater, 2019, 26: 1239-1246.

[33] Pintilie S, Branza L, Betianu C, Pavel LV, Ungureanu F, Gavrilescu M. Modelling and simulation of heavy metals transport in water and sediments. Environ Eng Manag J, 2007, 6: 153-161.

[34] Ramdani A, Kadeche A, Adjdir M, Taleb Z, Ikhou D, Taleb S, Deratani A. Lead and cadmium removal by adsorption process using hydroxyapatite porous materials. Water Pract Technol., 2020, 15: 1.

[35] Riaz U, Murtaza G, Saifullah Farooq M. Comparable effect of commercial composts on chemical properties of sandy clay loam soil and accumulation of trace elements in soil plant system. Int J Agric Biol, 2018, 20: 85-92.

[36] Sadrzadeh M, Mohammadi T, Ivakpour J, Kasiri N. Separation of lead ions from wastewater using electrodialysis: comparing mathematical and neural network modeling. Chem Eng J, 2008, 144(3): 431-441.

[37] Saeed A, Iqbal M, Akhtar MW. Removal and recovery of lead(II) from single and multimetal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) solutions by crop milling waste (black gram husk). J Hazard Mater, 2005, B117: 65-73.

[38] Wang X, Cui Y, Peng Q, Fan C, Zhang Z, Zhang X. Removal of Cd(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solution by Na⁺-modified pisha sandstone. J Chem, 2020

[39] Weber WJ, Morris JC. Kinetic of adsorption on carbon from solution. J Sanit Eng Div, 1963, 89: 31-60.