Artificial intelligence in gastrointestinal surgical oncology: from prediction models to clinical decision support

References

[1] Vogel P,Vogel DHV. Cognition errors in the treatment course of patients with anastomotic failure after colorectal resection Patient Saf Surg. 2019 13 4 PMC6343256

[2] Armstrong BA,Dutescu IA,Tung A.et al. Cognitive biases in surgery: systematic review Br J Surg. 2023 110 645 54

[3] Varghese C,Harrison EM,O’grady G,Topol EJ. Artificial intelligence in surgery Nat Med. 2024 30 1257 68

[4] Maier-Hein L,Eisenmann M,Sarikaya D.et al. Surgical data science - from concepts toward clinical translation Med Image Anal. 2022 76 102306 PMC9135051

[5] Wagner M,Brandenburg JM,Bodenstedt S.et al. Surgomics: personalized prediction of morbidity, mortality and long-term outcome in surgery using machine learning on multimodal data Surg Endosc. 2022 36 8568 91 PMC9613751

[6] Dong D,Fang MJ,Tang L.et al. Deep learning radiomic nomogram can predict the number of lymph node metastasis in locally advanced gastric cancer: an international multicenter study Ann Oncol. 2020 31 912 20

[7] Bedrikovetski S,Dudi-Venkata NN,Kroon HM.et al. Artificial intelligence for pre-operative lymph node staging in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis BMC Cancer. 2021 21 1058 PMC8474828

[8] Ke J,Jin C,Tang J.et al. A longitudinal MRI-based artificial intelligence system to predict pathological complete response after neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer: a multicenter validation study Dis Colon Rectum. 2023 66 e1195 206

[9] Asciak L,Kyeremeh J,Luo X.et al. Digital twin assisted surgery, concept, opportunities, and challenges NPJ Digit Med. 2025 8 32 PMC11736137

[10] Kitaguchi D,Harai Y,Kosugi N.et al. Artificial intelligence for the recognition of key anatomical structures in laparoscopic colorectal surgery Br J Surg. 2023 110 1355 8

[11] Han F,Zhong G,Zhi S.et al. Artificial intelligence recognition system of pelvic autonomic nerve during total mesorectal excision Dis Colon Rectum. 2025 68 308 15 PMC11837963

[12] Kumazu Y,Kobayashi N,Kitamura N.et al. Automated segmentation by deep learning of loose connective tissue fibers to define safe dissection planes in robot-assisted gastrectomy Sci Rep. 2021 11 21198 PMC8551298

[13] Chen H,Gou L,Fang Z.et al. Artificial intelligence assisted real-time recognition of intra-abdominal metastasis during laparoscopic gastric cancer surgery NPJ Digit Med. 2025 8 9 PMC11701130

[14] Celotto F,Bao QR,Capelli G,Spolverato G,Gumbs AA. Machine learning and deep learning to improve prevention of anastomotic leak after rectal cancer surgery World J Gastrointest Surg. 2025 17 101772 PMC11757192

[15] Park SH,Park HM,Baek KR,Ahn HM,Lee IY,Son GM. Artificial intelligence based real-time microcirculation analysis system for laparoscopic colorectal surgery World J Gastroenterol. 2020 26 6945 62 PMC7701947

[16] Mc Entee PD,Delaney C,Guan S,Murphy E,Mac Aonghusa P,Cahill RA. AUGUR-AI: a real-time artificial intelligence interpreter for indocyanine green fluorescence angiography in colorectal surgery Surg Endosc. 2025 39 8716 25

[17] Faber RA,Meijer RPJ,Droogh DHM.et al. Indocyanine green near-infrared fluorescence bowel perfusion assessment to prevent anastomotic leakage in minimally invasive colorectal surgery (AVOID): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024 9 924 34

[18] Rinne JKA,Huhta H,Pinta T.et al. Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in prevention of colorectal anastomotic leakage: a randomized clinical trial JAMA Surg. 2025 160 486 93 PMC11883591

[19] Rosen AW,Ose I,Gögenur M.et al. ; AID-SURG study group. Clinical implementation of an AI-based prediction model for decision support for patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery Nat Med. 2025 31 3737 48 PMC12618259

[20] Taha-Mehlitz S,Wentzler L,Angehrn F.et al. Machine learning-based preoperative analytics for the prediction of anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery: a swiss pilot study Surg Endosc. 2024 38 3672 83 PMC11219450

[21] Sakamoto T,Endo H,Yamamoto H.et al. Machine learning prediction of anastomotic leak after low anterior resection: Nationwide database analysis Medicine. 2025 104 e43977 PMC12384797

[22] Mascarenhas M,Mendes F,Fonseca F.et al. A novel deep learning model for predicting colorectal anastomotic leakage: a pioneer multicenter transatlantic study. J Clin Med. 2025;14:5462 PMC12347578

[23] Lee A,Baker TS,Bederson JB,Rapoport BI. Levels of autonomy in FDA-cleared surgical robots: a systematic review NPJ Digit Med. 2024 7 103 PMC11053143

[24] Gumbs AA,Alexander F,Karcz K.et al. White paper: definitions of artificial intelligence and autonomous actions in clinical surgery Art Int Surg. 2022 2 93 100