AIONS Consensus Conference on Definitions of Artificial Intelligence Surgery, Surgomics and Robotics

Andrew Gumbs; Michele Diana; Karol Rawicz-Pruszyński; Gaya Spolverato; Isabella Frigerio; Mohammad Abu Hilal; Elisa Bannone; Roland Croner; Francesca Dal Mas; Belinda De Simone; Michael Friebe; Francesco Giovinazzo; S. Vincent Grasso; Takeaki Ishizawa; Konrad Karcz; Zain Khalpey; Luca Milone; Nouredin Messaoudi; M. Mahir Ozmen; Peter G. Passias; Niki Rashidian; Sharona Ross; Thomas Schnelldorfer; Amir Szold; Zbigniew Nawrat; Ibrahim Dagher; Mohammad Abu Hilal; Fabio Ausania; Elisa Bannone; Elena Bignami; Elie Chouillard; Maria Conticchio; Roland Croner; Ibrahim Dagher; Francesca Dal Mas; Belinda De Simone; Michele Diana; Marcello Di Martino; Mathieu D’Hondt; Gianfranco Donatelli; Ahmed EL Minawi; Michael Friebe; Isabella Frigerio; Michel Gagner; Vonetta George; Suzanne Gisbertz; Francesco Giovinazzo; Luca Gordini; Mustansar Ghanzafar; S. Vincent Grasso; Andrew Gumbs; Takeaki Ishizawa; Konrad Karcz; Stephen Kavic; Zain Khalpey; Michael Kreisel; Luca Milone; Nouredin Messaoudi; Leila Mureebe; Zbigniew Nawrat; Derek O’Reilly; M. Mahir Ozmen; Peter G. Passias; Silvana Perretta; Niki Rashidian; Gianluca Rompianesi; Sharona Ross; Thomas Schnelldorfer; Vivian Strong; Gaya Spolverato; Amir Szold; Martin Teraa; Gratia Tsai; Jordi Vidal-Jove; Karol Rawicz-Pruszyński; Brandon Valencia Coronel; Teodoros Veronesi; Taiga Wakabayashi; Heather Yeo

doi:10.20517/ais.2025.113

Artificial Intelligence Surgery ›› 2026, Vol. 6 ›› Issue (1) :98 -113. DOI: 10.20517/ais.2025.113

Guideline

AIONS Consensus Conference on Definitions of Artificial Intelligence Surgery, Surgomics and Robotics

Author information +

¹Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clamart 92140, France.

²Department of General-, Visceral-, Vascular- and Transplantation Surgery, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.

³Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-080, Poland.

⁴Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland.

⁵Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland.

⁶ICube Lab, Photonics for Health, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France.

⁷Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences (DiSCOG), University of Padua, Padua 35128, Italy.

⁸Casa di Cura Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda 37019, Italy.

⁹Collegium Medicum, SAN University, Lodz 90113, Poland.

¹⁰Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.

¹¹Department of Surgery, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.

¹²Venice School of Management, Ca’ Foscari University, Venice 30121, Italy.

¹³Department of Emergency and General Minimally Invasive Surgery; Level I Trauma Center, Bufalini Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Cesena 47521, Italy.

¹⁴Faculty of Computer Science, HealthTech Innovation Laboratory, AGH University of Kraków, Krakow 30-059, Poland.

¹⁵Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.

¹⁶Department of Surgery, Saint Camilo Hospital, Treviso 31100, Italy.

¹⁷Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.

¹⁸Department of Medical Education and Scholarship, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA.

¹⁹Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-0051, Japan.

²⁰Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU München) Klinik für Plastische, Hand-und Wiederherstellungschirurgie mit Verbrennungstellungszegntrum Klinikum Nürnberg, Nürnberg 90491, Deutschland.

²¹Department of Cardiac Surgery, HonorHealth, Scottsdale, AZ 85258, USA.

²²Khalpey AI Lab, Applied and Translational AI Research Institute, Scottsdale, AZ 85258, USA.

²³Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell, New York, NY 10065, USA.

²⁴Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel) and Europe Hospitals, Brussels 1090, Belgium.

²⁵Europe Hospitals, Brussels 1120, Belgium.

²⁶MOC Clinic, Obesity and Cancer Center, Ankara 06530, Turkey.

²⁷Surgical Clinic, Liv Hospital, Ankara 06680, Turkey.

²⁸Division of Spinal Surgery, Departments of Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Hospital and Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.

²⁹Department of General, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium.

³⁰Foregut & HPB Division, Digestive Health Institute, AdventHealth Tampa, Tampa, FL 33613, USA.

³¹Surgical Imaging Lab, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.

³²Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6971022, Israel.

³³Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medical Science, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze 41-808, Poland.

³⁴Foundation of Cardiac Surgery Development, Zabrze 41-800, Poland.

³⁵International Society for Medical Robotics, Zabrze 41-800, Poland.

^#Denotes co-last authors.

Correspondence to: Prof. Andrew Gumbs, Department of General-, Visceral-, Vascular- and Transplantation Surgery, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39120, Germany. E-mail: aagumbs@gmail.com; Prof. Ibrahim Dagher, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clamart 92140, France. E-mail: ibrahim.dagher@aphp.fr

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Abstract

This Consensus Statement was jointly developed by the Editorial Board Members of Artificial Intelligence Surgery and the Artificial Intelligence Organization for the Next Generation of Surgeons (AIONS). The initiative began in February 2025 and proceeded through iterative drafting of definitions, online meetings, expert subgroup revisions, an online validation survey, an in-person Consensus Conference, and a final online meeting to confirm revisions and review the conference manuscript. Votes greater than or equal to 80 percent were considered validating. Definitions were sought for: (1) Surgery, (2) Endoluminal Surgery, (3) Percutaneous Surgery, (4) Robot, (5) Surgical Robot, (6) Robot-Assisted Surgery, (7) Telemanipulator Surgery, (8) Remote Surgery, (9) Collaborative Robotic (Cobotic) Surgery, (10) Robotic Surgery, (11) Artificial Intelligence Surgery, (12) Surgomics, (13) Surgical Multiomics, (14) Non-Invasive Surgery, (15) Digital Surgery, (16) Computer-Assisted Surgery, and (17) Cybersurgery. All candidate definitions achieved at least 80 percent approval in an online vote prior to the Consensus Conference. The in-person meeting occurred on 26 September 2025 at the Orto Botanico, University of Padova, Italy, where 11 definitions were ratified. The definition of Surgery was deemed premature and invalidated. Surgomics and Surgical Multiomics were determined to be distinct entities and were therefore revoted online after the meeting. Collaborative Robotics was clarified as requiring co-local presence of the surgeon and robot. Definitions for Percutaneous Surgery and Robot were amended and validated during a follow-up online vote on 11 November. Ultimately, all 17 definitions were validated. This Consensus provides terminology, rationale, and strategic direction for the surgical field as artificial intelligence, robotics, and data science reshape surgical practice. Future Consensus Conferences are planned to update definitions as the field evolves.

Keywords

Robotic-assisted surgery / collaborative robotic surgery / artificial intelligence surgery / digital surgery / cybersurgery / computer-assisted surgery / non-invasive surgery / surgomics

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Andrew Gumbs, Michele Diana, Karol Rawicz-Pruszyński, Gaya Spolverato, Isabella Frigerio, Mohammad Abu Hilal, Elisa Bannone, Roland Croner, Francesca Dal Mas, Belinda De Simone, Michael Friebe, Francesco Giovinazzo, S. Vincent Grasso, Takeaki Ishizawa, Konrad Karcz, Zain Khalpey, Luca Milone, Nouredin Messaoudi, M. Mahir Ozmen, Peter G. Passias, Niki Rashidian, Sharona Ross, Thomas Schnelldorfer, Amir Szold, Zbigniew Nawrat, Ibrahim Dagher, Mohammad Abu Hilal, Fabio Ausania, Elisa Bannone, Elena Bignami, Elie Chouillard, Maria Conticchio, Roland Croner, Ibrahim Dagher, Francesca Dal Mas, Belinda De Simone, Michele Diana, Marcello Di Martino, Mathieu D’Hondt, Gianfranco Donatelli, Ahmed EL Minawi, Michael Friebe, Isabella Frigerio, Michel Gagner, Vonetta George, Suzanne Gisbertz, Francesco Giovinazzo, Luca Gordini, Mustansar Ghanzafar, S. Vincent Grasso, Andrew Gumbs, Takeaki Ishizawa, Konrad Karcz, Stephen Kavic, Zain Khalpey, Michael Kreisel, Luca Milone, Nouredin Messaoudi, Leila Mureebe, Zbigniew Nawrat, Derek O’Reilly, M. Mahir Ozmen, Peter G. Passias, Silvana Perretta, Niki Rashidian, Gianluca Rompianesi, Sharona Ross, Thomas Schnelldorfer, Vivian Strong, Gaya Spolverato, Amir Szold, Martin Teraa, Gratia Tsai, Jordi Vidal-Jove, Karol Rawicz-Pruszyński, Brandon Valencia Coronel, Teodoros Veronesi, Taiga Wakabayashi, Heather Yeo. AIONS Consensus Conference on Definitions of Artificial Intelligence Surgery, Surgomics and Robotics. Artificial Intelligence Surgery, 2026, 6(1): 98-113 DOI:10.20517/ais.2025.113

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