The present study aimed to determine whether rubber seed oil (RSO) could simultaneously increase antioxidant capacity and enrich n-3 PUFAs in Pekin ducks by evaluating growth performance, fatty acid profile, and antioxidant capacity. A total of 192 male Pekin ducks (1 day old, 51.9 ± 0.3 g) were randomly allocated to four treatment groups, each consisting of four replicates with 12 ducklings per replicate. Ducks were fed with experimental diets supplemented with 0 (Control), 1% (RSO1), 2% (RSO2), and 3% (RSO3) RSO, respectively, for 42 days. Dietary RSO supplementation improved weight gain (p < 0.05), decreased feed/gain (p < 0.05), and reduced the yield of abdominal fat and liver (p < 0.05) of Pekin ducks. Total cholesterol and triglyceride contents were decreased (p < 0.05), whereas the contents of n-3 PUFAs in plasma, liver, and breast meat increased in Pekin ducks with increasing dietary RSO levels (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, the antioxidant activities in plasma, liver, and breast meat were enhanced in Pekin ducks after feeding RSO diets (p < 0.05). Additionally, dietary RSO increased the mRNA expression levels related to cholesterol transport (p < 0.05) and decreased the mRNA expression levels related to lipid synthesis in the liver of Pekin ducks (p < 0.05). In summary, dietary RSO supplementation improved growth performance, enriched n-3 PUFAs, and enhanced antioxidant capacity in Pekin ducks. These findings suggest that RSO could serve as a novel source of n-3 PUFAs and an antioxidant for Pekin ducks, with the potential to contribute to the generation of animal functional foods.
| [1] |
A. Macho-González, S. Bastida, A. Garcimartín, et al., “Functional Meat Products as Oxidative Stress Modulators: A Review,” Advances in Nutrition 12, no. 4 (2021): 1514–1539, https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa182.
|
| [2] |
A. H. Metherel and R. P. Bazinet, “Updates to the n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Pathway: DHA Synthesis Rates, Tetracosahexaenoic Acid and (Minimal) Retroconversion,” Progress in Lipid Research 76 (2019): 101008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101008.
|
| [3] |
F. Shahidi and P. Ambigaipalan, “Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Health Benefits,” Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (2018): 345–381, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-111317-095850.
|
| [4] |
E. Trautwein, “n-3 Fatty Acids – Physiological and Technical Aspects for Their Use in Food,” European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 103, no. 1 (2001): 45–55, https://doi.org/10.1002/1438-9312(200101)103:1<45:AID-EJLT45>3.0.CO;2-9.
|
| [5] |
I. Fraeye, C. Bruneel, C. Lemahieu, J. Buyse, K. Muylaert, and I. Foubert, “Dietary Enrichment of Eggs With Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Review,” Food Research International 48, no. 2 (2012): 961–969, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.03.014.
|
| [6] |
I. J. Ehr, M. E. Persia, and E. A. Bobeck, “Comparative Omega-3 Fatty Acid Enrichment of Egg Yolks From First-Cycle Laying Hens Fed Flaxseed Oil or Ground Flaxseed,” Poultry Science 96, no. 6 (2017): 1791–1799, https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew462.
|
| [7] |
G. Kralik, Z. Kralik, M. Grčević, O. Galović, D. Hanžek, and E. Biazik, “Fatty Acid Profile of Eggs Produced by Laying Hens Fed Diets Containing Different Shares of Fish Oil,” Poultry Science 100, no. 10 (2021): 101379, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101379.
|
| [8] |
S. F. Long, S. Kang, Q. Q. Wang, et al., “Dietary Supplementation With DHA-Rich Microalgae Improves Performance, Serum Composition, Carcass Trait, Antioxidant Status, and Fatty Acid Profile of Broilers,” Poultry Science 97, no. 6 (2018): 1881–1890, https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey027.
|
| [9] |
Y. B. Wu, L. Li, Z. G. Wen, et al., “Dual Functions of Eicosapentaenoic Acid-Rich Microalgae: Enrichment of Yolk With n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Partial Replacement for Soybean Meal in Diet of Laying Hens,” Poultry Science 98, no. 1 (2019): 350–357, https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey372.
|
| [10] |
R. Gonzalez-Esquerra and S. Leeson, “Effect of Feeding Hens Regular or Deodorized Menhaden Oil on Production Parameters, Yolk Fatty Acid Profile, and Sensory Quality of Eggs,” Poultry Science 79, no. 11 (2000): 1597–1602, https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.11.1597.
|
| [11] |
K. Onk, H. Yalcintan, M. Sari, S. Adiguzel Isik, A. Yakan, and B. Ekiz, “Effects of Genotype and Sex on Technological Properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Duck Meat,” Poultry Science 98, no. 1 (2019): 491–499, https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey355.
|
| [12] |
W. L. Fan, S. S. Hou, and Z. K. Zhou, “The Duck 1000 Genomes Project: Achievements and Perspectives,” Animal Research and One Health 2, no. 4 (2024): 366–376, https://doi.org/10.1002/aro2.89.
|
| [13] |
M. Petrović, M. Gačić, V. Karačić, Ž. Gottstein, H. Mazija, and H. Medić, “Enrichment of Eggs in n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Feeding Hens With Different Amount of Linseed Oil in Diet,” Food Chemistry 135, no. 3 (2012): 1563–1568, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.020.
|
| [14] |
S. Kalakuntla, N. K. Nagireddy, A. K. Panda, N. Jatoth, R. Thirunahari, and R. R. Vangoor, “Effect of Dietary Incorporation of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Rich Oil Sources on Fatty Acid Profile, Keeping Quality and Sensory Attributes of Broiler Chicken Meat,” Animal Nutrition 3, no. 4 (2017): 386–391, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2017.08.001.
|
| [15] |
A. Herdmann, J. Martin, G. Nuernberg, D. Dannenberger, and K. Nuernberg, “Effect of Dietary n-3 and n-6 PUFA on Lipid Composition of Different Tissues of German Holstein Bulls and the Fate of Bioactive Fatty Acids During Processing,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, no. 14 (2010): 8314–8321, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf101145y.
|
| [16] |
V. H. Marques, R. G. Moreira, G. S. Branco, et al., “Different Saturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Levels in Fish Oil-Free Diets to Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) Juveniles: Effects in Growth Performance and Lipid Metabolism,” Aquaculture 541 (2021): 736843, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736843.
|
| [17] |
M. S. Shahid, Y. Q. Wu, Z. B. Xiao, T. Raza, X. Y. Dong, and J. M. Yuan, “Duration of the Flaxseed Diet Promotes Deposition of n-3 Fatty Acids in the Meat and Skin of Peking Ducks,” Food & Nutrition Research 63 (2019): 3590, https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v63.3590.
|
| [18] |
S. R. Ahmad, P. Gokulakrishnan, R. Giriprasad, and M. A. Yatoo, “Fruit-Based Natural Antioxidants in Meat and Meat Products: A Review,” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 55, no. 11 (2015): 1503–1513, https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2012.701674.
|
| [19] |
J. Liu, L. L. Zhao, H. Y. Cai, et al., “Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Rubber Seed Oil in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW 267.4 Macrophages,” Nutrients 14, no. 7 (2022): 1349, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071349.
|
| [20] |
Z. G. Wen, Y. B. Wu, Z. G. Qi, et al., “Rubber Seed Oil Supplementation Enriches n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Reduces Cholesterol Contents of Egg Yolks in Laying Hens,” Food Chemistry 301 (2019): 125198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125198.
|
| [21] |
Y. Pi, S. T. Gao, L. Ma, et al., “Effectiveness of Rubber Seed Oil and Flaxseed Oil to Enhance the α-Linolenic Acid Content in Milk From Dairy Cows,” Journal of Dairy Science 99, no. 7 (2016): 5719–5730, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9307.
|
| [22] |
Y. Pi, L. Ma, H. R. Wang, J. Q. Wang, J. C. Xu, and D. P. Bu, “Rubber Seed Oil and Flaxseed Oil Supplementation on Serum Fatty Acid Profile, Oxidation Stability of Serum and Milk, and Immune Function of Dairy Cows,” Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 32, no. 9 (2019): 1363–1372, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0573.
|
| [23] |
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Nutrient Requirements of Meat-Type Duck. NY/T 2122-2012. (2012).
|
| [24] |
J. Folch, M. Lees, and G. H. S. Stanley, “A Simple Method for the Isolation and Purification of Total Lipides From Animal Tissues,” Journal of Biological Chemistry 226, no. 1 (1957): 497–509, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64849-5.
|
| [25] |
Y. B. Wu, J. Tang, Z. G. Wen, et al., “Dietary Methionine Deficiency Stunts Growth and Increases Fat Deposition via Suppression of Fatty Acids Transportation and Hepatic Catabolism in Pekin Ducks,” Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 13, no. 1 (2022): 61, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-022-00709-z.
|
| [26] |
F. N. Li, Y. H. Duan, Y. H. Li, et al., “Effects of Dietary n-6: n-3 PUFA Ratio on Fatty Acid Composition, Free Amino Acid Profile and Gene Expression of Transporters in Finishing Pigs,” British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 5 (2015): 739–748, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514004346.
|
| [27] |
E. Nwokolo, D. D. Kitts, and J. Kanhai, “Serum and Liver Lipids of Rats Fed Rubber Seed Oil,” Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 38, no. 2 (1988): 145–153, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01091719.
|
| [28] |
D. Murawska, “The Effect of Age on the Growth Rate of Tissues and Organs and the Percentage Content of Edible and Nonedible Carcass Components in Pekin Ducks,” Poultry Science 91, no. 8 (2012): 2030–2038, https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-02083.
|
| [29] |
S. F. Long, S. J. Liu, D. Wu, S. Mahfuz, and X. S. Piao, “Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids From Different Sources on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Muscle Fatty Acid Deposition, and Antioxidant Capacity in Broilers,” Animals 10, no. 3 (2020): 508, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030508.
|
| [30] |
M. Alagawany, S. S. Elnesr, M. R. Farag, et al., “Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids in Poultry Nutrition: Effect on Production Performance and Health,” Animals 9, no. 8 (2019): 573, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080573.
|
| [31] |
H. M. Roche and M. J. Gibney, “Effect of Long-Chain n−3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Fasting and Postprandial Triacylglycerol Metabolism,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, no. 1 (2000): 232S–237S, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/71.1.232S.
|
| [32] |
G. W. Winston and R. T. Di Giulio, “Prooxidant and Antioxidant Mechanisms in Aquatic Organisms,” Aquatic Toxicology 19, no. 2 (1991): 137–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-445X(91)90033-6.
|
| [33] |
M. David, V. Munaswamy, R. Halappa, and S. R. Marigoudar, “Impact of Sodium Cyanide on Catalase Activity in the Freshwater Exotic Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus),” Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 92, no. 1 (2008): 15–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2008.03.013.
|
| [34] |
B. Y. Liao, L. L. Geng, F. Zhang, et al., “Adipocyte Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Exacerbates Cerebral Ischaemia Injury by Disrupting the Blood–Brain Barrier,” European Heart Journal 41, no. 33 (2020): 3169–3180, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa207.
|
| [35] |
F. P. Surai, “Antioxidant Systems in Poultry Biology: Superoxide Dismutase,” Journal of Animal Research and Nutrition 1, no. 1: 8 (2016), https://doi.org/10.21767/2572-5459.100008.
|
Rights & permissions
2025 The Author(s). Animal Research and One Health published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
PDF
(1985KB)
