Objective: To identify tuberculosis preventive treatment nonadherence mechanisms via the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behavior (COM-B) framework for latent tuberculosis infection patients.

Methods: This study was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Relevant literature reporting factors associated with tuberculosis preventive treatment discontinuation or completion was included. Identified determinants were synthesized and mapped across the COM-B domains.

Results: Twenty-seven studies were included. Treatment discontinuation rates varied widely (2.0%-66.8%), with consistently higher rates observed in longer regimens (6 months of isoniazid, and 9 months of isoniazid) compared with shorter regimens (3 months of isoniazid plus rifapentine, 3 months of isoniazid plus rifampin, and 4 months of rifampin). Adverse drug reactions, particularly hepatotoxicity, emerged as the most consistent predictor of discontinuation, reflecting impaired physical capability. Opportunity-related factors included healthcare system fragmentation, transportation challenges, and limited access to services. Reduced motivation was associated with stigma, low risk perception, and negative treatment beliefs. Interventions such as shorter regimens, patient-centered care, healthcare worker supervision, and digital adherence technologies were associated with improved treatment completion. These findings suggest that treatment discontinuation results from dynamic interactions between treatment-related burden, healthcare accessibility, and patient motivation.

Conclusions: Clinical tolerance, structural and behavioral factors interact to cause latent tuberculosis infection discontinuation. COM-B guides targeted interventions: shorter regimens, adverse drug reaction management, and improved access and motivation.

Objective: To evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on chikungunya disease among healthcare workers in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2025 at two hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City using convenience sampling. Data were collected through face-to- face interviews using a structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic factors and KAP on chikungunya prevention based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). Knowledge scores were classified as “good knowledge” (≥9/13) or “poor knowledge” (<9/13). Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with preventive practices.

Results: A total of 481 of 531 healthcare workers enrolled in the study were included in the final analysis. The rates of good knowledge, positive attitudes, and sufficient practices were 70.89%, 62.37%, and 71.93%, respectively. The primary sources of information on the disease were books, newspapers, or social media. While general knowledge was high, gaps were noted in clinical recognition and diagnostic awareness. Multivariate analysis revealed that sufficient practices were significantly associated with having previously heard of the disease (aOR 0.31; 95% CI 0.14-0.70, P=0.005) and positive attitudes (aOR 4.21; 95% CI 2.65-6.68, P<0.001).

Conclusions: Despite moderate overall KAP levels, important gaps remain, particularly in clinical knowledge and risk perception of chikungunya.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence and risk factors of drug- resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) among Indonesian children.

Methods: This study analyzed data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey, which included children aged 0-14 years and household heads nationwide. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with DR-TB.

Results: A total of 423 participants were included in the final analysis. The national prevalence of pediatric DR-TB was 15.9%, with substantial variation across provinces. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, rural residence (aOR 2.68; 95% Cl 1.23-5.84), poor TB treatment adherence (aOR 17.353; 95% Cl 3.098-97.206), and household TB contact (aOR 5.628; 95% Cl 1.113-28.450) were independently associated with higher odds of DR- TB. Wealth index was significantly associated with DR-TB overall (P=0.018), but no significant differences were observed between individual wealth categories after adjustment. Household TB contact was associated with higher odds of DR-TB (aOR 5.628; 95% Cl 1.113-28.450).

Conclusions: Pediatric DR-TB in Indonesia has a substantial prevalence and marked geographic variation. Rural residence, poor TB treatment adherence, and household TB contact were key factors associated with DR-TB, highlighting the need to strengthen treatment adherence, household contact investigation, and targeted interventions.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of mortality and factors associated with prolonged length of hospital stay (LOS) among dengue fever (DF) patients who were admitted at Kassala Hospital, eastern Sudan, during the ongoing war.

Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study of 129 hospitalized DF patients was conducted in 2025. Data on sociodemographics, clinical outcomes (recovery or death), LOS, and hematological parameters were collected using standardized methods. Univariate and multivariate Poisson regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with prolonged LOS among the recovered patients.

Results: Of the 129 hospitalized patients, 67 (51.9%) were males and their median age was 32 years. The median LOS was 4 (interquartile range, IQR 3-6) days. Twelve patients (9.3%) died and they had significantly longer LOS, elevated white blood cell (WBC), and neutrophil counts compared to recovered patients. In multivariate analysis of recovered patients, higher WBC (adjusted risk ratio, aRR 1.020; 95% Cl 1.005-1.035), neutrophil (aRR 1.029; 95% Cl 1.008-1.050), and lymphocyte (aRR 1.044; 95% Cl 1.009-1.080) were positively associated with prolonged LOS. Other positive associations included being female sex (aRR 1.24; 95% Cl 1.05-1.46), married (aRR 1.29; 95% Cl 1.02-1.74), less educated (aRR 1.20; 95% Cl 1.01-1.44), being a local resident (non-internally displaced person) (aRR 1.44; 95% Cl 1.20-1.74), having dengue hemorrhagic fever (aRR 1.53; 95% Cl 1.27-1.85), and pre-existing morbidity (aRR 2.18; 95% Cl 1.71-2.78). Younger age (aRR 0.980; 95% Cl 0.980-0.990), and infection with DF serotype 2 (aRR 0.72; 95% Cl 0.61-0.86) or serotype 3 (aRR 0.51; 95% Cl 0.30-0.87) were negatively associated.

Conclusions: The mortality rate among hospitalized dengue patients was high. Among those who recovered, prolonged LOS was associated with various clinical and sociodemographic factors. These findings highlight the need for enhanced surveillance and targeted clinical management strategies for vulnerable dengue patients in conflict-affected settings.