Antiviral immune responses in human reproductive tract: Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Abstract

Viral reproductive tract infections (VRTIs) are a significant global health concern with severe consequences, including infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and increased risk of HIV transmission. Complex interplay between pathogens and the host immune system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and treatment of VRTIs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted roles of the immune system in both contributing to and combating VRTIs. The review will also address the consequent perturbations in immune homeostasis and the implications for disease manifestation and progression. The interrelation between systemic immunity and local immune responses is discussed, providing insights into the challenges and breakthroughs in managing these infections. By providing a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms, implications, and therapeutic strategies associated with viral reproductive tract infections and immune dysfunction, this review also informs future research and clinical practice in this important area of reproductive health.

Keywords

Viral reproductive tract infections (VRTIs) / Immune response / Human papillomavirus (HPV) / Herpes simplex virus (HSV) / Cytomegalovirus (CMV) / Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / Zika virus (ZIKV) / Hepatitis B virus (HBV) / Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

This study was supported by the Universiti Malaya ArtScience Fellowship Grant (UMG004-2024IAS) and UM Community Engagement Grant 2023 (Project RUU002-23KS).

Authors’ contributions

K.L.C. conducted a comprehensive literature search and contributed to manuscript preparation. N.Z. contributed in the manuscript editing, reviewing, and refining the content. All the authors have reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Publisher’s note

The Publisher of the Journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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