Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethical approval and institutional review board approval
The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (Ethics Committee) of Xuyen A General Hospital (Approval Number: 15/2026/QD-BVXA, dated February 2, 2026). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent to participate
Patient consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board due to the retrospective, observational nature of this study. All patient data were fully anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis to ensure strict confidentiality.
Data availability statement
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available to protect patient confidentiality but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process
During the preparation of this work, the author used Google Gemini to translate parts of the initial draft from Vietnamese to English and to polish the academic language to meet publication standards. After using this tool/service, the author thoroughly reviewed and edited the content as needed and takes full responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the final publication.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author contributions’ statement
QL: Conceptualization, methodology, data curation, formal analysis, writing-original draft, writing-review & editing. HT: Data curation, validation, writing-review & editing. NV: Investigation, resources, validation.
Publisher’s note
The Publisher of the Journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Edited by Pan Y, Lei Y, Zhang Q
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the medical and nursing staff at the Intensive Care Unit of Xuyen A General Hospital - Duc Hoa Branch for their dedicated patient care and support during data collection.
PDF
(332KB)
