Ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract attenuates particulate matter-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in keratinocytes and zebrafish

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Sargassum pallidum extract against particulate matter (PM)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT cells and zebrafish. Methods: HaCaT cells and zebrafish were used to evaluate the protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. The production of nitric oxide (NO), intracellular ROS, prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the expression levels of COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB were evaluated in PM-induced HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the levels of ROS, NO, and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the PM-exposed zebrafish model. Results: The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract significantly decreased the production of NO, intracellular ROS, and PGE₂ in PM-induced HaCaT cells. In addition, the fraction markedly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the expression levels of COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB. Furthermore, it displayed remarkable protective effects against PM-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress, represented by the reduction of NO, ROS, and lipid peroxidation in zebrafish. Conclusions: The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract exhibits a protective effect against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential as a candidate for the development of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products.

Keywords

Particulate matter / Inflammation / Oxidative stress / Sargassum pallidum / Ethyl acetate fraction / Zebrafish

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund. Also, this research was supported by the Ministry of Education and National Research Foundation of Korea through “Leaders in Industry-university Cooperation 3.0” Project.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

This work was supported financially by Korea Environment Industry & Technology Institute through Project to make multi-ministerial national biological research resources more advanced program, funded by Korea Ministry of Environment (grant number RS-2023-00230403).

Data availability statement

The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request.

Authors’ contributions

WCK and SHL designed the study. WCK performed experimental analysis. WCK, JWP, BY, WWL and KMC performed the analytic calculations and numerical simulations. WCK and SHL contributed to the final version of the manuscript. SHL supervised the project.

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