Capsosiphon fulvescens suppresses LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses by suppressing TLR4/NF-κB activation in RAW264.7 murine macrophages

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the effects of Capsosiphon fulvescens (C. fulvescens) ethanolic extract on inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW296.7 macrophages. Methods: The protective effects of C. fulvescens ethanolic extract on LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages were assessed using biochemical analysis, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. To examine reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, flow cytometry analysis, and immunofluorescence staining were used. Furthermore, the modulatory effect of C. fulvescens ethanolic extract on NF-κB activation was investigated. Results: C. fulvescens ethanolic extract significantly attenuated LPS-induced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and notably reduced the secretion and mRNA levels of LPS-mediated matrix metalloproteinases. In addition, C. fulvescens ethanolic extract decreased ROS production and suppressed the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusions: C. fulvescens ethanolic extract alleviates inflammation as well as oxidative stress by modulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. C. fulvescens can be used as a potential therapeutic agent to suppress inflammation and oxidative stress-associated diseases.

Keywords

Capsosiphon fulvescens / Inflammation / Oxidative stress / NF-κB / Nrf2 / TLR4

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.

Funding

This research was funded by Korea Institute of Marine Science & Technology Promotion (KIMST) funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea (20220488).

Data availability statement

The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request.

Authors’ contributions

SYJ, SHH, and YHC designed and conceptualized the study. SYJ planned and performed experiments and analyzed the data. EJB, HH, MYK, and SHP validated and reviewed the analysis. EJB reviewed and investigated the data. HH, MYK, DHK, SHP, CYK, GYK, YJJ, and SC provided resources for the experiment. EJB wrote the original draft. EJB and YHC reviewed and edited the manuscript. SHH visualized data in manuscript format. YHC supervised the study. CYK, GYK, YJJ, and SC administered the study project. YHC acquired the funding. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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