Benzydamine hydrochloride ameliorates ethanol-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages by stabilizing redox homeostasis

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of benzydamine hydrochloride against ethanol-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods: RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with ethanol (100 mM) and benzydamine hydrochloride (7.5 µM). The imflammatory status was confirmed by measuring pro- (TNF-α and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines through ELISA and RT-PCR assays. Reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial membrane potential were investigated to study the protective role of benzydamine hydrochloride against ethanol-induced oxidative stress. Apoptosis detection was also investigated using flow cytometry and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Results: Benzydamine hydrochloride significantly decreased the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6, as well as the generation of reactive oxygen species inside the cells, thereby stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane potential and reducing DNA fragmentation. The ethanol-induced cellular necrosis was also reversed by the administration of benzydamine hydrochloride. Conclusions: Benzydamine hydrochloride ameliorates ethanol-induced cell apoptosis and inflammation in RAW macrophages.

Keywords

Alcohol / Benzydamine hydrochloride / Inflammation / Oxidative stress / Apoptosis

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to extend heartful gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) Tamizhselvi R (VIT, Vellore) for her expert guidance in framing the manuscript and also VIT management for providing the seed fund (SG2021 0255) to carry out this research.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

This study was supported by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the Government of India agency research grant (F.N. 5/9/1328/2020-Nut).

Data availability statement

The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request.

Authors’ contributions

TD contributed to the conception and design, acquisition of data, drafting of the article, and final approval of the manuscript. VM contributed to the analysis of data, critical revision of the manuscript content, and final approval of the manuscript.

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