Phytochemical profile and biological activities of Plantago major L.: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Plantago major L., commonly known as plantain, waybread, or dooryard plantain, is a versatile medicinal plant with multiple therapeutic applications. Traditionally, various parts of the plant have been formulated into syrups, drops, ointments, vaginal suppositories, gargles, and roasted preparations to treat diverse ailments, such as liver disorders, earaches, epilepsy, asthma, stomachaches, diarrhea, constipation, polymenorrhea, and uterine disorders. The plant contains clinically valuable bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, flavonoids, lipids, iridoid glycosides, caffeic acid derivatives, terpenoids, alkaloids, and organic acids. These bioactive constituents are the primary contributors to the plant’s broad spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antidiarrheal, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antiphage, antinociceptive, antiulcerogenic, antigenotoxic, and immunomodulatory effects of the plant. This review comprehensively summarizes the phytochemical composition, traditional medicinal applications, and biological properties of this multifunctional medicinal plant.

Keywords

Plantago major / Anticancer activity / Antiinflammatory / Antibacterial / Antidiarrheal / Hepatoprotective / Antiviral / Antinociceptive / Antiulcerogenic / Antigenotoxic / Immunomodulatory

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

The article received no extramural funding.

Authors’ contributions

AM contributed to data collection, data curation, and drafting the article. ZZ and ZF participated in drafting the manuscript and preparing visualizations. SF assisted in drafting the article. GM conceived and designed the study, supervised the project, administered the research activities, and critically revised the manuscript. MW and MM provided resources and contributed to the article's critical revision. RRMK performed validation and assisted in manuscript revision. AA contributed to the manuscript's critical review and editing.

Publisher’s note

The Publisher of the Journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Acknowledgments

The authors sincerely acknowledge Government College University Lahore for providing access to academic databases that facilitated data collection for this review.

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