Characterization and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative activities of green synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles with shoot extracts of Plicosepalus curviflorus

Abstract

Objective: To synthesize magnesium oxide nanoparticles using ethanol extract of shoots of Plicosepalus curviflorus (PC-MgONPs) and evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative activities of PC-MgONPs. Methods: The green synthesized PC-MgONPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, energy dispersive X-ray, and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, we investigated total antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activities using breast cancer cell lines (MDA-231). Results: The UV spectrum of PC-MgONPs showed a sharp absorption peak at 300 nm. The presence of magnesium, oxygen, and sodium was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed PC-MgONPs as roughly spherical granular structures with sizes ranging from 20.0 to 76.4 nm. PC-MgONPs showed considerable antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans with zones of inhibition of 11-17 mm. In addition, total antioxidant capacity and anti-proliferative activity of PC-MgONPs against MDA-231 cells were dose-dependent. Conclusions: The synthesized PC-MgONPs could be a potent antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-cancer agent, which needs further investigation.

Keywords

PC-MgONPs / Plicosepalus curviflorus / FTIR / Antimicrobial / Cell viability / Antioxidant

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Research Supporting Project number (RSPD2023R656), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Funding

This work was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSPD2023R656), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Authors’ contributions

RHA theorized and designed the research study, reviewed the literature, acquired data, and critically commented on the original draft of the manuscript. MA reviewed and edited the final draft of the manuscript. AM contributed to the conceptualization and design of the study, interpreted the results, and wrote the manuscript. HT designed the study and contributed to the discussion of the study. NIA managed data collection and analysis. SF interpreted the results. BA critically revised and edited the final version of the manuscript. FM critically commented on and edited the final version of the manuscript. NMA managed data collection. MA interpreted the results. All the authors have read and agreed with the published version of the manuscript.

References

[1] Thakur N, Ghosh J, Pandey SK, Pabbathi A, Das J. A comprehensive review of biosynthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles, and their antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant activities as well as toxicity study. Inorg Chem Commun 2022; 146. doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110156.

[2] Chen B, Lin Z, Saiding Q, Huang Y, Sun Y, Zhai X, et al. Enhancement of critical-sized bone defect regeneration by magnesium oxide-reinforced 3D scaffold with improved osteogenic and angiogenic properties. J Mater Sci Technol 2023; 135: 186-198.

[3] Navya N, Ambika AV, Suresha BL. Synthesis, characterization, and anti-cancer potential study of Ag-MgO nanocomposite. Inorg Chem Commun 2022; 142: 109671.

[4] Raissa U, Muhammad Abbas Qassem H, Ahmed M, Abdullateef Alzubaidi M, A Dawood F, Abdulamir Abdullah Y, et al. Investigating the effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the ovarian tissue of NMRI mice following the injection of MgO and MgONPs. J Nanostructures 2023; 13(1): 1-7.

[5] De Silva RT, Mantilaka M, Goh KL, Ratnayake SP, Amaratunga GAJ, de Silva KM. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles reinforced electrospun alginate-based nanofibrous scaffolds with improved physical properties. Int J Biomater 2017; 2017. doi: 10.1155/2017/1391298.

[6] Akram MW, Fakhar-e-Alam M, Atif M, Butt AR, Asghar A, Jamil Y, et al. In vitro evaluation of the toxic effects of MgO nanostructure in Hela cell line. Sci Rep 2018; 8(1): 4576.

[7] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. CFR-Code of federal regulations Title 21. [Online] Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1431 [Accessed on 20th Dec 2022].

[8] Skylar Kenney AE. FDA approves magnesium sulfate injection from milla pharmaceuticals. Pharm Times 2022; 88(1). [Online] Available from: https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/fda-approves-magnesium-sulfate-injection-from-milla-pharmaceuticals [Accessed on 20th Dec 2022].

[9] Sher H, Alyemeni MN. Pharmaceutically important plants are used in the traditional system of Arab medicine for the treatment of livestock ailments in Saudi Arabia. Afr J Biotechnol 2011; 10(45): 9153-9159.

[10] Al-Fatimi M, Wurster M, Schröder G, Lindequist U. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of selected medicinal plants from Yemen. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 111(3): 657-666.

[11] Al Musayeib NM, Ibrahim SRM, Amina M, Al Hamoud GA, Mohamed GA. Curviflorside and curviflorin, new naphthalene glycoside, and flavanol from Plicosepalus curviflorus . Z Für Naturforschung C 2017; 72(5-6): 197-201.

[12] Amina M, Al Musayeib NM, Alarfaj NA, El-Tohamy MF, Al-Hamoud GA, Alqenaei MK. The fluorescence detection of phenolic compounds in Plicosepalus curviflorus extract using biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles and their biomedical potential . Plants 2022; 11(3): 361.

[13] Huma T, Hakimi N, Younis M, Huma T, Ge Z, Feng J. MgO heterostructures: From synthesis to applications. Nanomaterials 2022; 12(15): 2668.

[14] Silva AA, Sousa AMF, Furtado CR, Carvalho NM. Green magnesium oxide prepared by plant extracts: Synthesis, properties, and applications. Mater Today Sustain 2022; 20. doi: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2022.100203.

[15] Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Ibnsouda SK. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J Pharm Anal 2016; 6(2): 71-79.

[16] Orfali R, Perveen S, Siddiqui NA, Alam P, Alhowiriny TA, Al-Taweel AM, et al. Pharmacological evaluation of secondary metabolites and their simultaneous determination in the arabian medicinal plant Plicosepalus curviflorus using HPTLC validated method . J Anal Methods Chem 2019; 2019. doi: 10.1155/2019/7435909.

[17] National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Barry AL. Methods for determining bactericidal activity of antimicrobial agents: Approved guideline. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; 1999.

[18] AAT Bioquest, Inc. Quest Graph™ IC₅₀ Calculator . AAT Bioquest. [Online] Available from: https://www.aatbio.com/tools/ic50-calculator [Accessed on 20th February 2022].

[19] Gupta S, Finelli R, Agarwal A, Henkel R. Total antioxidant capacity-Relevance, methods and clinical implications. Andrologia 2021; 53(2). doi: 10.1111/and.13624.

[20] Kamiloglu S, Sari G, Ozdal T, Capanoglu E. Guidelines for cell viability assays. Food Front 2020; 1(3): 332-349.

[21] Balakrishnan G, Velavan R, Batoo KM, Raslan EH. Microstructure, optical and photocatalytic properties of MgO nanoparticles. Results Phys 2020; 16. doi: 10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103013.

[22] Jeevanandam J, Kiew SF, Boakye-Ansah S, Lau SY, Barhoum A, Danquah MK, et al. Green approaches for the synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles using microbial and plant extracts. Nanoscale 2022; 14(7): 2534-2571.

[23] Ahmed SF, Mofijur M, Rafa N, Chowdhury AT, Chowdhury S, Nahrin M, et al. Green approaches in synthesising nanomaterials for environmental nanobioremediation: Technological advancements, applications, benefits and challenges. Environ Res 2022; 204: 111967.

[24] Kumar H, Bhardwaj K, Kuča K, Kalia A, Nepovimova E, Verma R, et al. Flower-based green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles: Applications beyond fragrance. Nanomaterials 2020; 10(4): 766.

[25] Madkour LH. Biogenic-biosynthesis metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) for pharmacological, biomedical and environmental nanobiotechnological applications. Chron Pharm Sci J 2018; 2(1): 384-444.

[26] Adeyemi JO, Oriola AO, Onwudiwe DC, Oyedeji AO. Plant extracts mediated metal-based nanoparticles: Synthesis and biological applications. Biomolecules 2022; 12(5): 627.

[27] Tanabe I, Tanaka YY, Watari K, Inami W, Kawata Y, Ozaki Y. Enhanced surface plasmon resonance wavelength shifts by molecular electronic absorption in far-and deep-ultraviolet regions. Sci Rep 2020; 10(1): 9938.

[28] Ammulu MA, Vinay Viswanath K, Giduturi AK, Vemuri PK, Mangamuri U, Poda S. Phytoassisted synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles from Pterocarpus marsupium rox. b heartwood extract and its biomedical applications . J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19(1): 21.

[29] Eltamany EE, Goda MS, Nafie MS, Abu-Elsaoud AM, Hareeri RH, Aldurdunji MM, et al. Comparative assessment of the antioxidant and anticancer activities of Plicosepalus acacia and Plicosepalus curviflorus: Metabolomic profiling and in silico studies . Antioxidants 2022; 11(7): 1249.

[30] Omdurman S. Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes incorporated with MgO nanoparticles. J Ovonic Res Vol 2021; 17(5): 429-435.

[31] Limo MJ, Sola-Rabada A, Boix E, Thota V, Westcott ZC, Puddu V, et al. Interactions between metal oxides and biomolecules: from fundamental understanding to applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118(22): 11118-11193.

[32] Petit S, Decarreau A, Martin F, Buchet R. Refined relationship between the position of the fundamental OH stretching and the first overtones for clays. Phys Chem Miner 2004; 31(9): 585-592.

[33] Negrescu AM, Killian MS, Raghu SN, Schmuki P, Mazare A, Cimpean A. Metal oxide nanoparticles: Review of synthesis, characterization and biological effects. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13(4): 274.

[34] Pandiyaraj P, Gnanavelbabu A, Saravanan P. Prediction of stability and thermal conductivity of MgO nanofluids using CCRD statistical design analysis. J Adv Chem 2016; 12(20): 5225-5236.

[35] Hassan SE, Fouda A, Saied E, Farag MM, Eid AM, Barghoth MG, et al. Rhizopus oryzae-mediated green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs): A promising tool for antimicrobial, mosquitocidal action, and tanning effluent treatment . J Fungi 2021; 7(5): 372.

[36] Fouda A, Eid AM, Abdel-Rahman MA, El-Belely EF, Awad MA, Hassan SE, et al. Enhanced antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, larvicidal, and repellence activities of brown algae, cystoseira crinita-mediated green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles . Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.849921.

[37] Abinaya S, Kavitha HP. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles: Effective antilarvicidal and antibacterial agents. ACS Omega 2023; 8(6): 5225.

[38] Amina M, Al Musayeib NM, Alarfaj NA, El-Tohamy MF, Oraby HF, Al Hamoud GA, et al. Biogenic green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles using Saussurea costus biomasses for a comprehensive detection of their antimicrobial, cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and photocatalysis potentials . PLoS One 2020; 15(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237567.

[39] Slavin YN, Asnis J, Häfeli UO, Bach H. Metal nanoparticles: Understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15(1): 65.

[40] Tsuchiya H. Membrane interactions of phytochemicals as their molecular mechanism applicable to the discovery of drug leads from plants. Molecules 2015; 20(10): 18923-18966.

[41] Alavi M, Hamblin MR, Aghaie E, Mousavi SAR, Hajimolaali M. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of catechin, gallic acid, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate: Focus on nanoformulations. Cell Mol Biomed Rep 2023; 3(2): 62-72.

[42] Khan MA, Ali F, Faisal S, Rizwan M, Hussain Z, Zaman N, et al. Exploring the therapeutic potential of Hibiscus rosa sinensis synthesized cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄-NPs) and magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) . Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28(9): 5157-5167.

[43] Amrulloh H, Fatiqin A, Simanjuntak W, Afriyani H, Annissa A. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of magnesium oxide nanoparticles prepared using aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera bark as green agents . J Multidiscip Appl Nat Sci 2021. doi: 10.47352/jmans.v1i1.9.

[44] Tabrez S, Khan AU, Hoque M, Suhail M, Khan MI, Zughaibi TA. Investigating the anticancer efficacy of biogenic synthesized MgONPs: An in vitro analysis. Front Chem 2022; 10. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.970193.

[45] Thomas P, Dong J. (-)-Epicatechin acts as a potent agonist of the membrane androgen receptor, ZIP9 (SLC39A9), to promote apoptosis of breast and prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 211. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105906.