Bovine nebovirus: a comprehensive review

Abstract

Bovine nebovirus (BoNeV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Caliciviridae family, genus Nebovirus, has a genome length ranging from 7453 to 7460 nt. Initially, identified in 1978 within fecal samples from calves experiencing diarrhea in the United Kingdom, BoNeV was subsequently detected in beef cattle, cows, and yaks across 13 countries spanning four continents, thereby demonstrating its extensive global distribution. Although a stable cell culture system for BoNeV is not yet available, its pathogenicity in calves has been confirmed through experimental infection studies. With the increasingly severe losses caused by viral diarrhea to calves, research on this virus has attracted widespread attention. This article reviews the latest research on the molecular epidemiology, genome structure, genetic evolution, recombination, detection methods, and pathogenesis of BoNeV. In summary, BoNeV has a high prevalence and coinfection rate, and its gene sequence is characterized by genetic diversity and a high recombination frequency. Different evolutionary subtypes of strains exhibit lower amino acid homology and structural differences. This review provides important insights for advancing future genetic evolution research and prevention strategies related to BoNeV.

Keywords

BoNeV / Epidemiology / Evolution / Recombination / Pathogenesis

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Funding

Introducing Talents Scientific Research Start-up Project of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University(XYB202510)

The Project funding for excellent master's and doctoral theses in Longjiang in the new era(LJYXL2023-100)

The Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China (ZD2023C006)

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The Author(s)