SOX6 enhances vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching and elevates blood pressure by activating autophagy

Abstract

Background: SOX6 has been shown to play a crucial role in the development of the cardiovascular system. However, its potential role in hypertension and vascular function remains unclear.

Methods: In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), we employed gain- and loss-of-function approaches combined with RNA sequencing, autophagy flux assessment, and phenotype characterization. Additionally, we established a mouse model with Sox6 overexpression via adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) to validate the findings in vivo.

Results: We validated the increased expression of SOX6 in hypertension both in vitro and in vivo. Genetic silencing of Sox6 in VSMCs attenuated the phenotypic switching induced by angiotensin II. Conversely, in vivo overexpression of Sox6 led to a significant elevation in blood pressure and promoted vascular remodeling. Mechanistically, SOX6 was shown to regulate phenotypic switching via an autophagy-dependent pathway. Specifically, Sox6 overexpression augmented VSMC autophagy and facilitated phenotypic switching, whereas Sox6 knockdown yielded opposite outcomes. Modulation of autophagy using 3-MA or RAPA could effectively counteract the effect mediated by SOX6.

Conclusions: Our findings revealed that SOX6 regulates VSMC plasticity and elevates blood pressure by activating autophagy. Therefore, SOX6 inhibition potentially represents a novel strategy for treating hypertension and vascular remodeling.

Keywords

autophagy / hypertension / SOX6 / VSMC phenotypic switching

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2025 The Author(s). Animal Models and Experimental Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of The Chinese Association for Laboratory Animal Sciences.