Research progress on hepatotoxicity and toxicity reduction of Toosendan Fructus

Abstract

This study reviews the hepatotoxic chemicals, mechanisms of toxicity, and detoxification methods of Toosendan Fructus (TF). Limonin-type triterpenoids, as primary hepatotoxic components, mediate toxicity though inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, ferroptosis, and apoptosis. Hepatotoxicity can be mitigated by controlling dosage, using processed forms of the herbs, and through rational herbal compatibility. The review provides insights for enhancing the safety and clinical application of TF.

Keywords

Toosendan Fructus (TF) / hepatotoxicity / hepatotoxic chemicals / hepatotoxic mechanisms / toxicity reduction

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