Extracellular vesicles in cancer immunotherapy: Therapeutic, challenges and clinical progress

Abstract

Cancer is a major global concern due to its high mortality rate. Tumor immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, low response rates and immune-related complications remain challenges. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, have emerged as promising therapeutic tools for various pathological conditions, especially cancer. Evidence indicates that changes in the quantity and composition of EVs can influence the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, potentially affecting the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Exploiting EVs for immune sensitization has generated significant clinical interest. This review provides an in-depth understanding of the origin of EVs, their therapeutic applications (such as drug delivery nanoplatforms and cancer immunotherapies, including vaccines), diagnostic potential as tumor biomarkers, ongoing EV-based clinical trials, and the challenges encountered in EV-based cancer immunotherapy.

Keywords

Extracellular vesicles / Exosomes / Immunotherapy / Cancer vaccines / Tumor biomarkers / Therapeutic

Conflicts of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article.

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