Wind-driven triboelectric nanogenerators: Fundamental mechanisms, device architectures, and emerging applications

Abstract

Wind energy is an abundant and sustainable renewable resource, yet its stochastic and low-frequency characteristics pose significant challenges for efficient utilization. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a promising technology for harvesting ambient wind energy, owing to their lightweight structures, low startup wind speeds, and excellent adaptability to irregular airflow conditions. Over the past decade, wind-driven TENGs have undergone rapid development, evolving from simple energy harvesters into multifunctional platforms capable of efficient energy conversion and self-powered sensing. Consequently, a timely review of this rapidly advancing field is highly desirable. This review provides a systematic overview of recent advances in wind-driven TENGs, covering their fundamental mechanisms, structural evolution, and emerging applications. The development of wind-driven TENGs from fluttering and rotary architectures to advanced direct-current systems is summarized, with key strategies for improving energy harvesting and output performance. Emerging applications in sustainable energy harvesting and self-powered sensing are highlighted, demonstrating the growing potential of wind-driven TENGs for energy utilization and environmental perception. Finally, future opportunities and challenges are discussed, including higher-efficiency energy harvesting, intelligent self-powered sensing, and integrated autonomous systems. This review aims to provide insights into future developments of wind-driven TENGs toward sustainable energy technologies and intelligent self-powered infrastructures.

Keywords

triboelectric nanogenerator / wind energy harvesting / self-powered sensing / emerging applications

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