Feeder-constrained co-located BESS sizing for grid-interactive EV fast-charging stations: Branch-loading relief, voltage support, and recharge deliverability

Abstract

Co-located battery energy storage (BESS) is often sized as a single power and energy rating for electric-vehicle fast-charging stations (EVCSs), although feeder adequacy is governed by different limits. This paper separated five requirements on a single backward/forward-sweep (BFS) model: branch-loading relief, residual voltage support, power conversion system (PCS) apparent-power capability, storage energy, and post-stress recharge. Active power was sized against branch-loading alone; voltage was then restored through unity-power-factor correction and local capacitive support. On the IEEE 33-bus benchmark, two placements and four demand levels produced a nominal branch-loading-relief requirement of 0 to 855.56 kW, yet three of eight cases required no active storage while remaining voltage-infeasible. Exhaustive enumeration of 720 processing orders yielded 0.07% to 96.69% sequential excess. Independent tests with two published current-limit parameterizations showed strong capacity-data dependence: a 275/120 A set left only two cases requiring 20.25 and 158.53 kW, whereas a multi-tier set admitted no current-feasible active-only solution. Unity-power-factor correction was insufficient in all eight nominal cases, leaving 114.77 to 879.94 kVAr of additional support and 0.32% to 96.17% conditional PCS headroom. For a 4-hour design duration, synchronous recharge ranged from the 4.43 h active-rating/efficiency floor to 31.19 h under voltage limitation, while branch-loading never bound. A single MW/MWh rating therefore cannot represent all five adequacy requirements.

Keywords

electric vehicle fast-charging / battery energy storage-sizing / distribution feeder / backward/forward sweep power flow / recharge deliverability

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