Aging and immunity

References

[1] Rosenthal KS, Baker JB (2022) The immune system through the ages. AIMS Allergy Immunol 6: 170-187. https://doi.org/10.3934/Allergy.2022013

[2] Arachchige AS (2023) Aging and immunity: Unraveling the complex relationship. AIMS Allergy Immunol 7: 213-221. https://doi.org/10.3934/Allergy.2023015

[3] Azzi T, Lünemann A, Murer A, et al. (2014) Role for early—differentiated natural killer cells in infectious mononucleosis. Blood 16: 2533-2543. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood—2014—01—553024

[4] Johnson C, Baldwin A, Bruner LP, et al. (2024) Sex, gender, and other factors that influence infections for men and women. Infect Dis Clin Pract 32: 1405. https://doi.org/10.1097/IPC.0000000000001405

[5] Sharma S, Gibbons A, Ollmann Saphire E (2025) Sex differences in tissue—specific immunity and immunology. Science 389: 599-603. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adx4381

[6] Forsyth KS, Jiwrajka N, Lovell CD, et al. (2024) The conneXion between sex and immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 24: 487-502. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577—024—00996—9

[7] Sandstedt M, Chung R, Skoglund C, et al. (2023) Complete fatty degeneration of thymus associates with male sex, obesity and loss of circulating naïve CD8⁺ T cells in a Swedish middle—aged population. Immun Ageing 20: 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12979—023—00371—7

[8] Elyahu Y, Monsonego A (2021) Thymus involution sets the clock of the aging T—cell landscape: Implications for declined immunity and tissue repair. Ageing Res Rev 65: 101231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101231

[9] Khan N, Shariff N, Cobbold M, et al. (2002) Cytomegalovirus seropositivity drives the CD8 T cell repertoire toward greater clonality in healthy elderly individuals. J Immunol 169: 1984-1992. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.169.4.1984

[10] Brauning A, Rae M, Zhu G, et al. (2022) Aging of the immune system: Focus on natural killer cells phenotype and functions. Cells 11: 1017. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11061017

[11] Su TY, Hauenstein J, Somuncular E, et al. (2024) Aging is associated with functional and molecular changes in distinct hematopoietic stem cell subsets. Nat Commun 15: 7966. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467—024—52318—1

[12] Liu Z, Hu X, Liang Y, et al. (2022) Glucocorticoid signaling and regulatory T cells cooperate to maintain the hair—follicle stem—cell niche. Nat Immunol 23: 1086-1097. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590—022—01244—9

[13] Ahuja SK, Manoharan MS, Lee GC, et al. (2023) Immune resilience despite inflammatory stress promotes longevity and favorable health outcomes including resistance to infection. Nat Commun 14: 3286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467—023—38238—6

[14] Ganesan A, Moore AR, Zheng H, et al. (2025) A conserved immune dysregulation signature is associated with infection severity, risk factors prior to infection, and treatment response. Immunity 58: 2104-2119.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2025.05.020

[15] Scott D, Bond M, Manning TH, et al. (2023) How are older adults different than other adults for infections? Infect Dis Clin Pract 31: e119. https://doi.org/10.1097/IPC.0000000000001197

[16] Quiros—Roldan E, Sottini A, Natali PG, et al. (2024) The impact of immune system aging on infectious diseases. Microorganisms 12: 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040775

[17] Gong Q, Sharma M, Glass MC, et al. (2025) Multi—omic profiling reveals age—related immune dynamics in healthy adults. Nature 648: 696-706. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586—025—09686—5

[18] Gustafson CE, Kim C, Weyand CM, et al. (2020) Influence of immune aging on vaccine responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 145: 1309-1321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.03.017

[19] Silva—Moraes V, Reis LR, Ross TM (2025) Comparative analysis of cellular immune responses to four seasonal inactivated influenza vaccines in younger and older adults. J Immunol 2025: vkaf286. https://doi.org/10.1093/jimmun/vkaf286

[20] Wrona MV, Ghosh R, Coll K, et al. (2024) The 3 I’s of immunity and aging: immunosenescence, inflammaging, and immune resilience. Front Aging 5: 1490302. https://doi.org/10.3389/fragi.2024.1490302

[21] Monti D, Ostan R, Borelli V, et al. (2017) Inflammaging and human longevity in the omics era. Mech Ageing Dev 165: 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.008

[22] García—Domínguez M (2025) Pathological and inflammatory consequences of aging. Biomolecules 15: 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15030404

[23] Yu W, Yu Y, Sun S, et al. (2024) Immune alterations with aging: Mechanisms and intervention strategies. Nutrients 16: 3830. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223830

[24] Ayoub M, Abou Jaoude C, Ayoub M, et al. (2026) The immune system and cellular senescence: A complex interplay in aging and disease. Immunology 177: 149-169. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.70036

[25] Roark KM, Iffland PH (2025) Rapamycin for longevity: The pros, the cons, and future perspectives. Front Aging 6: 1628187. https://doi.org/10.3389/fragi.2025.1628187

[26] Widjaja AA, Lim WW, Viswanathan S, et al. (2024) Inhibition of IL—11 signalling extends mammalian healthspan and lifespan. Nature 632: 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586—024—07701—9

[27] Amor C, Fernández—Maestre I, Chowdhury S, et al. (2024) Prophylactic and long—lasting efficacy of senolytic CAR T cells against age—related metabolic dysfunction. Nat Aging 4: 336-349. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587—023—00560—5