Genotype-dependent biofortification of winter wheat grain with Iron, Zinc, and Selenium via drone-assisted foliar application

Abstract

Micronutrient deficiency in staple crops is a global health challenge. Simultaneous biofortification with multiple elements (Fe, Zn, Se) provides a critical physiological solution; however, its field efficacy via innovative delivery across diverse genotypes remains underexplored. To evaluate this, a field experiment in Xinxiang, Henan Province, China during the 2024–2025 growing season assessed unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-mediated foliar applications. Eight winter wheat varieties received an Fe-Zn-Se cocktail at three application rates (T1–T3) during the heading and filling stages. Results showed highly genotype- and rate-dependent concentrations (P < 0.01), with maximum absolute gains reaching 38.31 mg/kg for Fe (in ZM895), 30.12 mg/kg for Zn (in JZ439), and 0.44 mg/kg for Se (in JZ439). While Fe concentration was primarily genotype driven, Zn and Se levels were highly sensitive to application rates, peaking at T3. Furthermore, this application synergistically increased Cu and Ca without disrupting Mn, Mg, or P homeostasis. Ultimately, successful UAV biofortification requires coupling optimal application rates with responsive genotypes. Varieties LD1, ZM895, and JZ439 demonstrated exceptional multi-element enrichment capacity and are highly recommended for large-scale agricultural programs.

Keywords

wheat / unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) / foliar application / biofortification / micronutrients / mineral nutrients / genotype

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