In this study, a comprehensive assessment of slope failure risk in man-made slopes was conducted, focusing specifically on the embankments in the excavated regions along the Tibati-Sengbe road in the Adamawa region of Cameroon. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the stability of these slopes and determine the safety factors that should be considered in their stabilization. To achieve this goal, a field survey was conducted to identify and characterize the areas at risk. The stability assessment was performed employing sophisticated numerical methods, including the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) utilizing the Bishop Method, the Finite Element Method (FEM) through the Plaxis Method, and the Analytical Method (AM) based on Taylor's Abacus. Ten slopes with homogeneous soil composition but varying geotechnical and geometric properties were selected as the objects for simulations, which were performed using the software packages ROCSCIENCE (Phase 2) for LEM and PLAXIS for FEM. The results indicated a high degree of consistency between the FEM and LEM methodologies, with an R² correlation approaching 1 in their comparison. Nonetheless, the AM yielded conflicting results in 60% of cases, emphasizing the fundamental significance of numerical methods in evaluating slope stability. The findings of this study discredit the effectiveness of analytical methods in determining safety factor calculations and highlight the accuracy and reliability of the FEM and LEM techniques given their consistent results.

Soil permeability is a critical parameter that dictates the movement of water through soil, and it impacts processes such as seepage, erosion, slope stability, foundation design, groundwater contamination, and various engineering applications. This study investigates the permeability of soil amended with waste foundry sand (WFS) at a replacement level of 10%. Permeability measurements are conducted for three distinct relative densities, spanning from 65% to 85%. The dataset compiled from these measurements is employed to develop ensemble artificial intelligence (AI) models. Specifically, four regressor AI models are considered: Nearest Neighbor (NNR), Decision Tree (DTR), Random Forest (RFR) and Support Vector Machine (SVR). These models are enhanced with four distinct base learners: Gradient Boosting (GB), Stacking Regressor (SR), AdaBoost Regressor (ADR), and XGBoost (XGB). The input parameters include fraction of base sand (BS), fraction of waste foundry sand (WFS), relative density (RD), duration of flow (T), quantity of flow (Q) and permeability (k), totalling 165 data points. Through comparative analysis, the Gradient Boost with Decision Tree (GB-DTR) model is found to be best-performed model, with R² = 0.9919. Sensitivity analysis reveals that Q is the most influential input parameter in predicting soil permeability.

Machine learning (ML) has garnered significant attention within the engineering domain. However, engineers without formal ML education or programming expertise may encounter difficulties when attempting to integrate ML into their work processes. This study aims to address this challenge by offering a tutorial that guides readers through the construction of ML models using Python. We introduce three simple datasets and illustrate how to preprocess the data for regression, classification, and clustering tasks. Subsequently, we navigate readers through the model development process utilizing well-established libraries such as NumPy, pandas, scikit-learn, and matplotlib. Each step, including data preparation, model training, validation, and result visualization, is covered with detailed explanations. Furthermore, we explore explainability techniques to help engineers understand the underlying behavior of their models. By the end of this tutorial, readers will have hands-on experience with three fundamental ML tasks and understand how to evaluate and explain the developed models to make engineering projects efficient and transparent.

Strip foundations, as a widely applied form of shallow foundation, involve foundation displacements and soil deformations under loading, which are critical issues in geotechnical engineering. Traditional limit analysis methods can only provide solutions for ultimate bearing capacity, while numerical methods require remeshing and remodeling for different scenarios. To address these challenges, this study proposes a deep learning approach based on the DeepONet neural operator for rapid and accurate predictions of load–displacement curves and vertical displacement fields of strip foundations under various conditions. A dataset with randomly distributed parameters was generated using finite element method, with the training set employed to train the neural network. Validation on the test set shows that the proposed method not only accurately predicts ultimate bearing capacity but also captures the nonlinear characteristics of high-dimensional data. As an offline model alternative to finite element methods, the proposed approach holds promise for efficient and real-time prediction of the mechanical behavior of shallow foundations under loading.

Concrete cracking poses a significant threat to the safety and stability of crucial infrastructure such as bridges, roads, and building structures. Recognizing and accurately measuring the morphology of cracks is essential for assessing the structural integrity of these elements. This paper introduces a novel Crack Segmentation method known as CG-CNNs, which combines a Clustering-guided (CG) block with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The innovative CG block operates by categorizing extracted image features into K groups, merging these features, and then simultaneously feeding the augmented features and original image into the CNN for precise crack image segmentation. It automatically determines the optimal K value by evaluating the Silhouette Coefficient for various K values, utilizing the grayscale feature value of each cluster centroid as a defining characteristic for each category. To bolster our approach, we curated a dataset of 2500 crack images from concrete structures, employing rigorous pre-processing and data augmentation techniques. We benchmarked our method against three prevalent CNN architectures: DeepLabV3 + , U-Net, and SegNet, each augmented with the CG block. An algorithm specialized for assessing crack edge recognition accuracy was employed to analyze the proposed method's performance. The comparative analysis demonstrated that CNNs enhanced with the CG block exhibited exceptional crack image recognition capabilities and enabled precise segmentation of crack edges. Further investigation revealed that the CG-DeepLabV3 + model excelled, achieving an F1 score of 0.90 and an impressive intersection over union (IoU) value of 0.82. Notably, the CG-DeepLabV3 + model significantly reduced the recognition error for locating crack edges to a mere 2.31 pixels. These enhancements mark a significant advancement in developing accurate algorithms based on deep neural networks for identifying concrete crack edges reliably. In conclusion, our CG-CNNs approach offers a highly accurate method for crack segmentation, which is invaluable for machine-based measurements of cracks on concrete surfaces.

Relational databases containing construction-related data are widely used in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry to manage diverse datasets, including project management and building-specific information. This study explores the use of large language models (LLMs) to convert construction data from relational databases into formal semantic representations, such as the resource description framework (RDF). Transforming this data into RDF-encoded knowledge graphs enhances interoperability and enables advanced querying capabilities. However, existing methods like R2RML and Direct Mapping face significant challenges, including the need for domain expertise and scalability issues. LLMs, with their advanced natural language processing capabilities, offer a promising solution by automating the conversion process, reducing the reliance on expert knowledge, and semantically enriching data through appropriate ontologies. This paper evaluates the potential of four LLMs (two versions of GPT and Llama) to enhance data enrichment workflows in the construction industry and examines the limitations of applying these models to large-scale datasets.

The accurate prediction of the deterioration of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP) is essential for the effective management of pavements and the maintenance of infrastructure. In this study, a comprehensive approach that integrates descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and machine learning algorithms is employed to develop models and predict punchouts in CRCP. The dataset used in this study is extracted from the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) database and contains a wide range of pavement attributes, such as age, climate zone, thickness, and traffic data. Initial exploratory analysis reveals varying distributions among the input features, which serves as the foundation for subsequent analysis. A correlation heatmap matrix is utilized to elucidate the relationships between these attributes and punchouts, guiding the selection of features for modeling. By employing the random forest algorithm, key predictors like age, climate zone, and total thickness are identified. Various machine learning techniques, encompassing linear regression, decision trees, support vector machines, ensemble methods, Gaussian process regression, artificial neural networks, and kernel-based approaches, are compared. It is noteworthy that ensemble methods such as boosted trees and Gaussian process regression models exhibit promising predictive performance, with low root mean square error (RMSE) and high R-squared values. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights for the development of pavement management strategies, facilitating informed decision-making regarding resource allocation and infrastructure maintenance. Future research could focus on refining models, exploring additional features, and validating results through real-world implementation trials. This study contributes to advancing predictive modeling techniques for optimizing CRCP infrastructure management and durability.

This research examines the application of eight different machine learning (ML) algorithms for predicting the compressive strength of high-performance concrete (HPC). Achieving precise predictions is crucial for enhancing structural reliability and optimizing resource usage in construction projects. The analysis utilized the “Concrete Compressive Strength” dataset, sourced from UC Irvine’s publicly available ML repository. The models evaluated include Gradient Boosting Regressor (GBR), Extreme Gradient Boosting Regression (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Lasso, and k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). To enhance performance, critical data preprocessing steps were undertaken, which involved feature scaling, cleaning, and normalization. Hyperparameter tuning via Grid Search (GS) and K-fold cross-validation further optimized the models. Among those analyzed, XGBoost and GBR achieved the highest predictive accuracy, with R² values of 93.49% and 92.09% respectively, coupled with lower mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean squared error (RMSE). SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis revealed cement content and curing age as the most significant factors affecting compressive strength. Validation against experimental data confirmed the reliability of XGBoost and GBR through consistent prediction patterns and close alignment with empirical measurements. The results establish ML as an effective approach for HPC strength prediction, offering advantages in computational efficiency and accuracy over conventional analytical methods.

This study investigates the application of established open-source machine learning tools, specifically CatBoost, XGBoost, LightGBM, and TensorFlow, which are based on Forest and Radial Basis Function Networks, to predict and analyze the structural behavior of concrete arch dams. Utilizing the Karun-I dam as a case study, the research assesses the performance of various machine learning frameworks. The results demonstrate that Random Forest-based methods achieve superior prediction accuracy and computational efficiency in comparison to Radial Basis Function Networks. Additionally, the analysis emphasizes the critical influence of lake levels as the primary factor impacting dam displacement, as revealed through feature importance evaluation. Overall, this research underscores the promising potential of machine learning in enhancing structural health monitoring for large dams, offering significant insights that contribute to the improvement of safety measures and operational efficiency in dam management.

The expansion of rail transport infrastructures necessitates accurate and efficient soil surveys to ensure long-term stability and performance, particularly in regions prone to soil heaving. This study aimed to demonstrate the potential of non-destructive spectral analysis combined with Agentic Artificial Intelligence for automating the identification of soil heaving potential, providing a transformative approach to soil assessment in railway construction. A robust AI-agent was developed to predict soil heaving potential across temperature regimes (ranging from 0°C to -5°C and back), enabling characterization of the relative acoustic compressibility coefficient (β) based on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil. The main objective was to develop a framework that integrated spectral reflectance data with machine learning algorithms to predict soil heaving potential and reduce the reliance on traditional invasive methods. The experimental setup employed digital techniques to process and record longitudinal and transverse acoustic pulse signals reflected from piezoelectric sensors mounted on soil specimens. The processed signals were automatically transferred via a USB adapter to a PC for further analysis by the AI-agent. Acoustic diagnostics of the soils were performed using Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT) Spectral Analysis, followed by correlation of waveform spectra with heaving deformation. The AI-agent utilized a hybrid architecture combining Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF) algorithms to address the complexities of heterogeneous soil data and multifaceted prediction tasks—including heaving classification and deformation regression—while mitigating overfitting. Soil heaving potential was accurately predicted by the AI agent, with minor variations attributed to equipment sensitivity.

This research is based on the idea that certain cognitive-intensive tasks typically carried out by structural engineers—such as choosing how to effectively arrange a building’s structure—can be successfully automated. In this article we investigate two techniques widely used in the field of Artificial Intelligence, namely Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). Following a tabula rasa approach, according to which no hints nor external data are used as a reference for navigating the search space, we demonstrate how structural designs of two-dimensional multi-storey reinforced concrete structures can be generated, with no human intervention, by implementing and combining the two techniques from a reinforcement-learning perspective. The design tasks assigned to the developed software agents concern civil structures under static and seismic loads, and the basis for comparison is represented by a combination of construction cost and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the making of the structures. In the article, based on the main concepts of Computational Mechanics, a theoretical framework is introduced, which allows to represent both structures and design tasks in a simple, analytical way. The process of gamification, to which MCTS is often associated, is then described, so that structural design is reduced to the concepts of state, actions and payoff.. Finally, case studies are presented in which different agents—based respectively on GA, MCTS, and a combination of both—are tested. The results suggest that hybrid approaches, where GA operates first followed by MCTS, are the most effective.

The scarcity of experimental data poses a significant challenge in predicting the self-healing capacity of bacteria-driven concrete. To address this issue, we explored the use of synthetic data generation to augment the limited available dataset. By creating a synthetic dataset derived from real-world data, we substantially expanded the original data volume. We then trained and evaluated multiple machine learning (ML) models, encompassing both probabilistic and ensemble methods, for predicting self-healing capacity. Our comparative analysis revealed that ensemble methods, specifically the random forest (RF) algorithm, achieved the highest performance with an accuracy and F1-score of 0.863, surpassing the probabilistic models. Furthermore, when applied to real-world cases, the models maintained high predictive accuracy. This work confirms the value of synthetic data for enhancing the accuracy and reliability of predictive models in civil engineering, especially in data-scarce contexts. Our findings underscore the potential of machine learning and artificial intelligence to transform concrete research and highlight the role of synthetic data in overcoming common data limitations.

This study presents a deep learning framework for non-destructive evaluation of concrete compressive strength using high-resolution microstructural images. Unlike traditional destructive testing, this approach enables efficient large-scale and continuous strength monitoring. The proposed model combines: (1) CAE for efficient feature extraction (achieving 80% dimensionality reduction without significant information loss); (2) Transformer-based self-attention mechanisms to dynamically weight critical image regions, enhancing interpretability; and (3) LSTM networks to capture temporal strength evolution during curing, improving forecasting accuracy by 15%. The framework is trained and tested on a hybrid dataset integrating UCI concrete strength data with high-resolution microstructural images. Nested cross-validation coupled with Bayesian optimization ensures robust performance evaluation and hyperparameter tuning. Comparative analyses demonstrate superior performance over baseline CNN and traditional ML models, with 20% reduction in MAE (3.7 MPa vs. 4.6 MPa), 18% lower RMSE (4.9 MPa vs. 6.1 MPa), and 7% higher R² (0.87 vs. 0.81). The model also reduces prediction time by approximately 20%. This scalable solution offers high accuracy, robustness, and generalizability for real-time concrete strength monitoring in infrastructure projects, advancing intelligent image-based non-destructive testing beyond conventional destructive methods.

This study presents an approach that demonstrates the capabilities of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) in solving mechanics-related problems, particularly in the design of monolithic reinforced concrete slabs on a base. For the first time, a voxel-based representation of the studied object is proposed. In many cases, the design stage involves the inclusion of technological holes of various shapes, and the slab surface may have complex geometry. Determining the stress–strain state (SSS) using closed-form solutions under such conditions is highly labor-intensive or even unattainable. This paper presents an alternative approach using a 3D CNN with a U-Net architecture, Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Nets (3D-DCGAN), and an Improved GAN (I-GAN). This method enables accurate prediction of shrinkage stresses and displacements in slabs more efficiently than the finite element method (FEM). The paper highlights the promising potential of neural networks in structural engineering.

Due to climate change, permafrost regions are undergoing rapid evolution, posing a serious threat to roads, pipelines, foundations and other geotechnical infrastructure. Conventional methods for monitoring and predicting permafrost degradation have limitations in spatial coverage, temporal resolution and environmental dynamic adaptability. In recent years, the development of machine learning (ML) has opened up a new way to simulate the complex interaction between thermal state, soil properties and atmospheric variables in cold regions. This paper reviews the emerging applications of ML technology, from supervised learning models such as Random Forests (RF) and Support Vector Machines (SVM), to deep learning frameworks such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), in predicting the thawing depth of permafrost, the evolution of ground temperature and the phenomenon of thermokarst. We systematically classify the application of ML according to the input data types (remote sensing, in-situ sensors, satellite climate data) and geotechnical output variables (thermal conductivity, soil strength, bearing capacity), and discuss the practice of combining ML with physical process model to enhance the interpretability and generalization ability. This review pays special attention to the risk of soil weakening, foundation instability and infrastructure failure caused by permafrost melting in the Arctic and subarctic regions. Moreover, this paper points out the key challenges such as data scarcity, lack of cross regional mobility and lack of uncertainty quantification. By systematically integrating the latest research results, data sources, model architecture and evaluation indicators, this review provides a basic reference for researchers and practitioners engaged in climate adaptive geotechnical engineering. The research results highlight the potential of ML as a transformative tool in permafrost geotechnical engineering, thereby facilitating environmental monitoring, risk assessment and infrastructure planning.

Cracks and water seepage are common structural safety hazards in excavation and pit support system. Traditional methods usually rely on a lot of manpower and material resources, and there are some problems in the monitoring process such as low efficiency, long time, incomplete data collection and insufficient accuracy, which cannot meet the needs of modern engineering construction. In recent years, the construction industry has gradually changed to the trend of intelligence and automation, and machine vision has entered the field of vision. It can not only effectively reduce labor costs, but also improve the overall accuracy of monitoring. However, previous machine learning framework usually uses a two-stage monitoring method, which takes a long time including the collection and process of data separately. This paper focuses on pit support systems and provides an overview and comparison of the application of machine vision and machine learning technologies. Furthermore, a real-time defect detection method based on the improved YOLOv8 algorithm, which can process the collected crack data and water seepage pictures, give the physical characteristics of the crack, and mark the location of water seepage, has been proposed and verified. Additionally, a practical project in Huzhou serves as a case study, where the established method has been applied. The actual implementation shows that the model also has good robustness under complex foundation pit conditions.

This study proposes a comprehensive performance evaluation and intelligent decision support system for the maintenance and seismic retrofitting of aging transportation infrastructure, aimed at enhancing structural safety, extending service life, and optimizing life-cycle costs. The research focuses on reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns commonly found in urban elevated railway systems in Japan, addressing key issues such as strength degradation, insufficient ductility, and inadequate seismic performance. Using static nonlinear analysis, the residual load-bearing capacity and damage state of the columns were evaluated, and a comprehensive performance index system was established. To enhance structural resilience while minimizing operational disruption, a space-efficient seismic reinforcement method characterized by high spatial adaptability was adopted, making it particularly suitable for dense urban environments. The decision-making process is underpinned by the Adaptive Integrated Digital Architecture Framework (AIDAF), which establishes a closed-loop system integrating data acquisition, performance assessment, parameter optimization, and feedback validation. By incorporating machine learning (ML), specifically the random forest (RF) algorithm, into the AIDAF framework, a data-driven retrofitting system was developed. Feature importance analysis identified key variables, including steel plate thickness, rebar diameter, and spacing. The ML-enhanced system reduces design iteration time and facilitates rapid evaluation of multiple reinforcement configurations. The predictive accuracy of the model was validated using an in-service railway viaduct, confirming its effectiveness. Furthermore, the study recommends integrating explainable AI techniques to improve transparency and regulatory acceptance. The findings demonstrate that the proposed ML-AIDAF framework is technically feasible, economically viable, and scalable for real-world infrastructure retrofitting projects.

This paper investigates the application of pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs) for describing images from civil engineering materials and construction sites, with a focus on construction components, structural elements, and materials. The novelty of this study lies in the investigation of VLMs for this specialized domain, which has not been previously addressed. As a case study, the paper evaluates ChatGPT-4v’s ability to serve as a descriptor tool by comparing its performance with three human descriptions (a civil engineer and two engineering interns). The contributions of this work include adapting a pre-trained VLM to civil engineering applications without additional fine-tuning and benchmarking its performance using both semantic similarity analysis (SentenceTransformers) and lexical similarity methods. Utilizing two datasets—one from a publicly available online repository and another manually collected by the authors—the study employs whole-text and sentence pair-wise similarity analyses to assess the model’s alignment with human descriptions. Results demonstrate that the best-performing model achieved an average similarity of 76% (4% standard deviation) when compared to human-generated descriptions. The analysis also reveals better performance on the publicly available dataset.

Rivers provide irreplaceable resources for human life, and the problem of water scarcity has attracted serious attention worldwide. In this study, Kashkan River located in Loristan Province of Iran was studied using data obtained from the database of Iran Water Resources Company (IWRC). Three distinct machine learning (ML) models – Regression Tree (RT), Random Search Regression Tree (RSRT), and Bayesian Optimization Regression Tree (BORT) – were utilized to enhance water resource management practices. The primary model used was RT, a method that uses Bayesian optimization and stochastic search algorithms to provide an accurate estimate of the maximum flow within a river. The two hybrid models, RSRT and BORT, were introduced to improve the model performance. Through a comprehensive comparison and analysis of the results generated by these models, valuable insights were gained. Among the three models, the RSRT model demonstrated superior performance and accuracy metrics in streamflow (SF) modeling, closely aligning its results with a DR line of 1, indicating an optimal fit. The BORT and RT models also achieved excellent results, with their performance being on par with that of the top-performing RSRT model.

Civil engineering relies on data from experiments or simulations to calibrate models that approximate system behaviors. This paper examines machine learning (ML) algorithms for AI-driven decision support in civil engineering, specifically construction engineering and management, where complex input–output relationships demand both predictive accuracy and interpretability. Explainable AI (XAI) is critical for safety and compliance-sensitive applications, ensuring transparency in AI decisions. The literature review identifies key XAI evaluation attributes—model type, explainability, perspective, and interpretability and assesses the Enhanced Model Tree (EMT), a novel method demonstrating strong potential for civil engineering applications compared to commonly applied ML algorithms. The study highlights the need to balance AI’s predictive power with XAI’s transparency, akin to the Yin–Yang philosophy: AI advances in efficiency and optimization, while XAI provides logical reasoning behind conclusions. Drawing on insights from the literature, the study proposes a tailored XAI assessment framework addressing civil engineering's unique needs—problem context, data constraints, and model explainability. By formalizing this synergy, the research fosters trust in AI systems, enabling safer and more socially responsible outcomes. The findings underscore XAI’s role in bridging the gap between complex AI models and end-user accountability, ensuring AI’s full potential is realized in the field.

Predicting concrete compressive strength with limited data remains a critical challenge in civil engineering. This study proposes a novel framework integrating Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML) with SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) to improve predictive accuracy and interpretability in data-scarce scenarios. Unlike conventional machine learning models that require extensive data, the MAML-based approach enables rapid adaptation to new tasks using minimal samples, offering robust generalization in few-shot learning contexts. The proposed pipeline includes structured preprocessing, normalization, a neural network-based meta-learning core, and SHAP-based feature attribution. A curated dataset of 430 samples was used, focusing on 28-day compressive strength, with input features including cement, water, aggregates, admixtures, and age. Compared to standard models like XGBoost and Random Forest, the MAML framework achieved superior performance, with MAE = 3.56 MPa, RMSE = 5.55 MPa, and R² = 0.913. SHAP analysis revealed nonlinear interactions and dominant factors like water-cement ratio, curing age, and aggregate content. Statistical validation via the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test confirmed the significance of the model’s improvements (p < 0.05). Furthermore, SHAP insights closely align with domain knowledge and mix design principles, enhancing model transparency for practical application. This work demonstrates the applicability of meta-learning in civil engineering and provides a scalable, interpretable solution for strength prediction in real-world, data-limited conditions.

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is emerging as an effective tool to provide early warnings of potential disease outbreaks within communities through detecting the presence of pathogens in wastewater before clinical cases are reported. Nevertheless, quantitative prediction of future clinical case is challenging as uncertainties of dynamic shedding and disease transmission patterns can lead to complex correlation between wastewater viral concentration and clinical cases. Such complexities, augmented by factors such as viral variant, public behavioral change, etc., make it challenging to develop empirical models or data-driven models to provide accurate prediction of disease case for public health policy makings. To address this gap, this study developed an iterative data-driven framework utilizing Long-Short Time Memory (LSTM) neural networks for multi-timestep real-time predictions of future clinical cases based on WBE. The proposed LSTM model structure integrates both wastewater and historical clinical data as inputs. The prediction framework enables the update of LSTM model as more WBE dataset become available to enhance its adaptability to evolving pandemic stages. This framework was applied for real-time forecasting of COVID-19 clinical cases based on dataset of Ohio Wastewater Monitoring Project from July 2020 to October 2023. The developed iterative LSTM models were proven to achieve excellent performance in making clinical case predictions at different stages of COVID-19 pandemic. Early warning threshold of viral surge was defined by moving percentile method and results showed that the model achieved over 90% accuracy in future clinical case prediction and therefore demonstrated high reliability in pre-warning of potential disease outbreaks. This framework was also found to possess strong transferability across diverse geographic regions. The impacts of social policies and events on model predictions as well as the ramification of this model for future pandemics warning are discussed.