Research progress on the hepatoprotective effect, pharmacokinetic properties, and hepatotoxicity of geniposide

Abstract

Liver disease (LD) is a global health problem caused by multiple factors. At present, there are still obvious problems with limited efficacy and strong side effects of drugs used in the clinical treatment of LD. Therefore, it is of great significance to search for effective hepatoprotective drugs from natural products. Geniposide (GS) is a cyclic ether terpenoid compound and a key component in the traditional Chinese medicine Gardenia jasminoides. It has a significant inhibitory effect on LD. However, there is currently no literature systematically analyzing its mechanism of action. To adapt to the environment of new drug research and the need for precision medication, this article summarizes the pathways and possible mechanisms of action discovered by GS in the treatment of LD, based on recent research literature: regulating bile stasis, antioxidant and anti-apoptosis, improving amino acid metabolism, improving energy metabolism, regulating lipid metabolism, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, etc. It also summarizes the pharmacokinetics of GS in vivo and discusses the liver toxicity of GS that is positively correlated with dosage. In addition, the existing problems in current research and possible future development directions were also discussed, to lay the foundation for the clinical development of natural product GS.

Keywords

Geniposide / Hepatotoxicity / Liver disease / Molecular mechanism / Pharmacokinetics

Conflict of interest statement

Xijun Wang is an editorial board member of this journal.The other authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Key Project (81830110).

Author contributions

Songyuan Tang analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. Guangli Yan, Ling Kong, Hui Sun, Chang Liu, Ying Han, and Xijun Wang revised the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethical approval of studies and informed consent

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

None.

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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