Human pharmacokinetics and drug interaction potential of GuHong: an intravenous herbal formulation for managing ischemic stroke

Abstract

Objective: Unlike for drug-drug interactions, rigorous guidelines for assessing herb-drug interactions are nonexistent. GuHong is an intravenous herbal formulation used as adjunct therapy for the management of ischemic stroke. This investigation aimed to evaluate its potential to precipitate pharmacokinetic drug interactions. To facilitate the potential assessment, a human multi-compound pharmacokinetic study, along with associated supportive studies, was conducted to pinpoint GuHong compounds for testing.

Methods: After analyzing the chemical composition of GuHong, a pharmacokinetic study was conducted in healthy subjects who received GuHong intravenously to identify its significantly exposed compounds and their pharmacokinetics. In addition, supportive rat and in vitro studies were conducted to assess the hepatic and renal disposition of these compounds, including their metabolism and transport. The potential of GuHong to precipitate drug interactions was evaluated in vitro using significantly exposed compounds, which were tested for their effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters listed in the ICH M12 Guideline (2024), with a focus on inhibition and induction. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Results: A total of 54 constituents (0.01-27.18 μmol/day) derived from Carthamus tinctorius flowers (Honghua) and N-acetyl-L-glutamine (3,090 μmol/day) were detected in GuHong. Following intravenous administration of GuHong, hydroxysafflor yellow A emerged as the principal circulating compound from Honghua. Saffloquinoside D, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside, 8-hydroxycinnamic acid-8-O-glucoside, coumaric acid-4-O-glucoside, and chlorogenic acid, also from Honghua, were detected but at low plasma levels. Hydroxysafflor yellow A, primarily eliminated via glomerular filtration-based renal excretion, exhibited the characteristics of an intravenous “hard drug.” N-Acetyl-L-glutamine was another major circulating compound of GuHong and was eliminated through renal excretion and hydrolysis to L-glutamine. GuHong had a low potential to precipitate pharmacokinetic drug interactions.

Conclusions: The low drug interaction potential of GuHong is advantageous for its use in the treatment of ischemic stroke in the context of polypharmacy. The methodology developed here can be applied to the study of other complex herbal medicines for their pharmacokinetic drug interaction potential.

Keywords

Carthamus tinctorius / Drug interaction / GuHong injection / Hydroxysafflor yellow A / N-Acetyl-L-glutamine / Pharmacokinetics

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grants (82192912 and 82074273) and by the National Key R&D Program (“Strategic Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation”) Key Project (2022YFE0203600) released by the Ministry of Science and Technology.

Author contributions

Chuan Li and Jun-Ling Yang designed the study. Chuan Li, Jun-Ling Yang, and Qiu-Yue Wang wrote the paper. Qiu-Yue Wang, Jun-Ling Yang, Zhen-Zhen Ma, Jia-Ye Yuan, Guo-Li Yue, Yun-Fei Feng, Xiao-Yan Xia, Wei-Wei Jia, Fei-Fei Du, Feng-Qing Wang, Xuan Yu, Chen Cheng, Yü-Hong Huang, Yi-Mei Zeng, and Yan-Fen Li conducted the study. Xiao-Kai Wang contributed new reagents. Chuan Li, Jun-Ling Yang, Qiu-Yue Wang, Xiao-Kai Wang, and Zi-Jing Song analyzed the data. All the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Ethical approval of studies and informed consent

The human study protocol was reviewed and approved by the hospital’s Ethics Committee of Clinical Investigation (2021-008-01). The volunteers provided written informed consent before enrollment. The animal research protocols were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (2020-10-LC-33).

Acknowledgments

None.

Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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