Aerogel Scaffolds: Breathing Life Into Tissue Repair and Companion Diagnostics

Abstract

Engineering biomaterials that actively interface with and instruct their biological milieu have given rise to a new generation of platforms for tissue repair and companion diagnostics. Among them, aerogel scaffolds, with their ultra-porous architecture, ultralow density, tunable mechanics, and versatile chemistries, have emerged as transformative candidates capable of emulating and interpreting extracellular environments. This review highlights up-to-date advances shaping the landscape of aerogel-based scaffolds in tissue repair and diagnostic applications. We first summarize emerging fabrication and assembly strategies, including sol-gel processing, freeze-drying, electrospinning, and 3D printing, which unlock hierarchical morphologies and bioinspired features. The recent implementations of intelligent aerogels for tissue repair and neuroregeneration are then highlighted, together with related applications in bioactive functionalization, immune modulation, wound healing, sustained drug delivery, and moist repair dressings. Meanwhile, we outline aerogel-based disease diagnosis regarding genotypic physiological cues, focusing on faithfully detecting nucleic acids, tumor biopsy, virus antigen testing of infectious disease, and state-of-the-art demos with innovative signal transduction mechanisms. Data-driven strategies powered by machine learning are also reviewed, alongside integration into smart wearables for self-adapting, responsive platforms. Finally, persisting challenges and present perspective of aerogel scaffolds in medicine research and practice are also discussed.

Keywords

aerogel scaffold / bioinspired design / biosensor / smart biomaterials / tissue repair

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