Programmable light-driven soft actuator enabled by structurally anisotropic liquid crystalline network

Abstract

The design and fabrication of advanced soft actuators with programmable actuation are highly desirable in constructing intelligent soft robots. In this work, a programmable light-driven liquid crystalline network (LCN)-based soft actuator was judiciously designed and prepared by constructing structural anisotropy across the thickness of the film. A three-dimensional (3D) deformable LCN actuator was realized by polymerization-induced phase separation of small-molarweight monomers and polymer networks. The resultant anisotropic LCN displays anisotropic microscale nanoporous architecture across the thickness in addition to uniform alignment at the molecular scale. The actuation behaviors of LCN film are tunable by adjusting the size and distribution of nanopores in LCN bulk via changing polymerization conditions and monomer components. More importantly, the nanoporous LCN film can be harnessed as a promising template to achieve diverse light responsiveness by changing the photothermal dyes via a feasible washing and refilling process, demonstrating a reprogrammable light-driven soft actuator.

Keywords

liquid crystal networks / programmable / soft actuator / structural anisotropy

References

[1] S. Li, Y. Fan, H. Chen, J. Nie, Y. Liang, X. Tao, J. Zhang, X. Chen, E. Fu, Z. L. Wang, Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 896.

[2] C. Song, Y. Zhang, J. Bao, Z. Wang, L. Zhang, J. Sun, R. Lan, Z. Yu, S. Zhu, H. Yang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2213771.

[3] Y. Xu, X. Zhang, Z. Song, X. Chen, Y. Huang, J. Wang, B. Li, S. Huang, Q. Li, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202319698.

[4] H. K. Bisoyi, Q. Li, Chem. Rev. 2021, 122, 4887.

[5] R. Dai, G. Li, L. Xiao, Y. Li, Z. Cui, L. Jia, M. Zhou, Y. Song, Y. Yang, Y. Cai, Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 446, 136874.

[6] R. Zheng, Y. Wei, Z. C. Zhang, Z. Y. Wang, L. L. Ma, Y. Wang, L. Huang, Y. Q. Lu, Responsive Mater. 2023, 1, e20230017.

[7] R. Lan, J. Bao, Z. Li, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, Q. Wang, L. Zhang, J. Xiao, H. Yang, CCS Chem. 2024.

[8] J. Gao, Y. Tang, D. Martella, J. Guo, D. S. Wiersma, Q. Li, Responsive Mater. 2023, 1, e20230008.

[9] R. Lan, X. G. Hu, J. Chen, X. Zeng, X. Chen, T. Du, X. Song, H. Yang, Responsive Mater. 2024, 2, e20230030.

[10] S. Y. Chen, Z. H. Zhao, C. H. Li, Q. Li, Responsive Mater. 2023, 1, e20230011.

[11] S. Donato, S. Nocentini, D. Martella, S. Kolagatla, D. S. Wiersma, C. Parmeggiani, C. Delaney, L. Florea, Small 2023, 20, 2306802.

[12] Y. Cang, J. Liu, M. Ryu, B. Graczykowski, J. Morikawa, S. Yang, G. Fytas, Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 5248.

[13] J. Bao, Z. Wang, C. Song, Y. Zhang, Z. Li, L. Zhang, R. Lan, H. Yang, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2302168.

[14] C. Shen, Z. Wang, R. Huang, J. Bao, Z. Li, L. Zhang, R. Lan, H. Yang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 16764.

[15] R. Lan, J. Sun, C. Shen, R. Huang, Z. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Wang, H. Yang, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1906319.

[16] Z. Wang, R. Lan, J. Bao, C. Shen, R. Huang, C. Song, L. Zhang, H. Yang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 17869.

[17] Y. Deng, Y. Yang, Y. Xiao, H. L. Xie, R. Lan, L. Zhang, H. Yang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2301319.

[18] N. Li, W. Zhao, F. Li, L. Liu, Y. Liu, J. Leng, Matter 2023, 6, 940.

[19] P. Xue, H. K. Bisoyi, Y. Chen, H. Zeng, J. Yang, X. Yang, P. Lv, X. Zhang, A. Priimagi, L. Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 3390.

[20] A. S. Kuenstler, Y. Chen, P. Bui, H. Kim, A. DeSimone, L. Jin, R. C. Hayward, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2000609.

[21] H. K. Bisoyi, Q. Li, Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 15089.

[22] B. Jin, S. Yang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2304769.

[23] D. S. Kim, Y.-J. Lee, Y. Wang, J. Park, K. I. Winey, S. Yang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 50171.

[24] Z. Wang, Z. Wang, Y. Zheng, Q. He, Y. Wang, S. Cai, Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eabc0034.

[25] C. Shen, R. Lan, R. Huang, Z. Zhang, J. Bao, L. Zhang, H. Yang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 3221.

[26] X. Yang, Y. Chen, X. Zhang, P. Xue, P. Lv, Y. Yang, L. Wang, W. Feng, Nano Today 2022, 43, 101419.

[27] J. Sun, W. Hu, L. Zhang, R. Lan, H. Yang, D. K. Yang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2103311.

[28] R. Lan, J. Sun, C. Shen, R. Huang, L. Zhang, H. Yang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1900013.

[29] R. Lan, W. Shen, W. Yao, J. Chen, X. Chen, H. Yang, Mater. Horiz. 2023, 10, 2824.

[30] Z. Wang, J. Bao, R. Huang, C. Song, C. Shen, J. Sun, R. Lan, L. Zhang, H. Yang, Sci. China Mater. 2023, 66, 2445.

[31] Y. Zhang, C. Song, J. Bao, Z. Li, Z. Wang, J. Xiao, M. Yu, Y. Gao, L. Zhang, R. Lan, Sci. China Mater. 2023, 66, 4803.

[32] X. Pang, L. Qin, B. Xu, Q. Liu, Y. Yu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2002451.

[33] X. Zhang, P. Xue, X. Yang, C. Valenzuela, Y. Chen, P. Lv, Z. Wang, L. Wang, X. Xu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 11834.

[34] H. Liu, H. Chu, H. Yuan, D. Li, W. Deng, Z. Fu, R. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Han, Y. Wang, Nano-Micro Lett. 2024, 16, 69.

[35] S. Ma, P. Xue, Y. Tang, R. Bi, X. Xu, L. Wang, Q. Li, Responsive Mater. 2024, 2, e20230026.

[36] Y. Ji, T. Song, H. Yu, Angew. Chem. 2024, 63, e202401208.

[37] S. Ma, P. Xue, C. Valenzuela, X. Zhang, Y. Chen, Y. Liu, L. Yang, X. Xu, L. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2309899.

[38] S.-L. Xiang, Y.-X. Su, H. Yin, C. Li, M.-Q. Zhu, Nano Energy 2021, 85, 105965.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2024 The Author(s). Aggregate published by SCUT, AIEI, and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.