Indacenodithiophene-based single-component ambipolar polymer for high-performance vertical organic electrochemical transistors and inverters

Abstract

Single-component ambipolar polymers are highly desirable for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and integration into complementary logic circuits with reduced process complexity. However, they often suffer from imbalanced p-type and n-type characteristics and/or stability issues. Herein, a novel single-component ambipolar polymer, namely, gIDT–BBT is reported based on indacenodithiophene (IDT) as the electron donor, benzobisthiadiazole (BBT) as the electron acceptor and oligo ethylene glycol (OEG) as the side chain. Benefitting from the extended backbone planarity and rigidity of IDT, pronounced electron-withdrawing capability of BBT, favored ionic transport from OEG together with vertical OECT device structure, a nearly balanced ambipolar OECT performance is achieved for gIDT– BBT, revealing a high transconductance of 155.05 ± 1.58/27.28 ± 0.92 mS, a high current on/off ratio >10⁶ and an excellent operational stability under both p-type and n-type operation conditions. With gIDT–BBT in hand, furthermore, vertically stacked complementary inverters are successfully fabricated to show a maximum voltage gain of 28 V V⁻¹ (V_IN = 0.9 V) and stable operation over 1000 switching cycles, and then used for efficient electrooculogram recording. This work provides a new approach for the development of ambipolar single-component organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors and establishes a foundation for the manufacture of high-performance ambipolar OECTs and associated complementary circuits.

Keywords

electrooculogram recording / inverters / single-component ambipolar polymer / vertical organic electrochemical transistors

References

[1] E. Bihar, Y. Deng, T. Miyake, M. Saadaoui, G. G. Malliaras, M. Rolandi, Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 27582.

[2] A. Koklu, S. Wustoni, V. E. Musteata, D. Ohayon, M. Moser, I. McCulloch, S. P. Nunes, S. Inal, ACS Nano 2021, 15, 8130.

[3] H. Liu, A. Yang, J. Song, N. Wang, P. Lam, Y. Li, H. K. Law, F. Yan, Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabg8387.

[4] J. Aerathupalathu Janardhanan, Y. L. Chen, C. T. Liu, H. S. Tseng, P. I. Wu, J. W. She, Y. S. Hsiao, H. H. Yu, Anal. Chem. 2022, 94, 7584.

[5] M. Braendlein, T. Lonjaret, P. Leleux, J. M. Badier, G. G. Malliaras, Adv. Sci. 2017, 4, 1600247.

[6] S. Park, S. W. Heo, W. Lee, D. Inoue, Z. Jiang, K. Yu, H. Jinno, D. Hashizume, M. Sekino, T. Yokota, K. Fukuda, K. Tajima, T. Someya, Nature 2018, 561, 516.

[7] S. Han, S. Yu, S. Hu, H.-J. Chen, J. Wu, C. Liu, J. Mater. Chem. C 2021, 9, 11801.

[8] S. K. Lee, Y. W. Cho, J. S. Lee, Y. R. Jung, S. H. Oh, J. Y. Sun, S. Kim, Y. C. Joo, Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2001544.

[9] Y. Zhang, E. R. W. van Doremaele, G. Ye, T. Stevens, J. Song, R. C. Chiechi, Y. van de Burgt, Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, e2200393.

[10] E. Zeglio, O. Inganas, Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, e1800941.

[11] N. A. Kukhta, A. Marks, C. K. Luscombe, Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4325.

[12] Y. Lei, P. Li, Y. Zheng, T. Lei, Mater. Chem. Front. 2024, 8, 133-158.

[13] S. M. Yu, C. J. Kousseff, C. B. Nielsen, Synth. Met. 2023, 293, 117295.

[14] E. Stein, O. Nahor, M. Stolov, V. Freger, I. M. Petruta, I. McCulloch, G. L. Frey, Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 5548.

[15] A. Giovannitti, C. B. Nielsen, D. T. Sbircea, S. Inal, M. Donahue, M. R. Niazi, D. A. Hanifi, A. Amassian, G. G. Malliaras, J. Rivnay, I. McCulloch, Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 13066.

[16] Y. Zhang, G. Ye, T. P. A. van der Pol, J. Dong, E. R. W. van Doremaele, I. Krauhausen, Y. Liu, P. Gkoupidenis, G. Portale, J. Song, R. C. Chiechi, Y. van de Burgt, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2201593.

[17] R. B. Rashid, W. Du, S. Griggs, I. P. Maria, I. McCulloch, J. Rivnay, Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabh1055.

[18] J. J. Samuel, A. Garudapalli, A. A. Mohapatra, C. Gangadharappa, S. Patil, N. P. B. Aetukuri, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2102903.

[19] A. Wadsworth, H. Chen, K. J. Thorley, C. Cendra, M. Nikolka, H. Bristow, M. Moser, A. Salleo, T. D. Anthopoulos, H. Sirringhaus, I. McCulloch, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 652.

[20] Y. Li, M. Gu, Z. Pan, B. Zhang, X. Yang, J. Gu, Y. Chen, J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 10798.

[21] Y. Liu, H. Phan, T. S. Herng, T. Y. Gopalakrishna, J. Ding, J. Wu, Chem. Asian J. 2017, 12, 2177.

[22] X. X. Chen, J. T. Li, Y. H. Fang, X. Y. Deng, X. Q. Wang, G. Liu, Y. Wang, X. Gu, S. D. Jiang, T. Lei, Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 2258.

[23] J. Brodsky, I. Gablech, L. Migliaccio, M. Havlicek, M. J. Donahue, E. D. Glowacki, ACS Appl. Mater. 2023, 15, 27002.

[24] W. Huang, J. Chen, Y. Yao, D. Zheng, X. Ji, L. W. Feng, D. Moore, N. R. Glavin, M. Xie, Y. Chen, R. M. Pankow, A. Surendran, Z. Wang, Y. Xia, L. Bai, J. Rivnay, J. Ping, X. Guo, Y. Cheng, T. J. Marks, A. Facchetti, Nature 2023, 613, 496.

[25] S. Y. Jeong, J. W. Moon, S. Lee, Z. Wu, S. H. Park, J. H. Cho, H. Y. Woo, Adv. Electron. Mater. 2023, 9, 2300053.

[26] D. U. Lim, S. B. Jo, J. H. Cho, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, e2208757.

[27] J. W. Moon, D. U. Lim, Y. N. Kim, J. H. Kim, J. H. Kim, S. B. Jo, J. H. Cho, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2305440.

[28] B. Wang, Y. Kong, S. Zhang, Z. Wu, S. Wang, J. Ren, H. Y. Woo, Y. Li, W. Ma, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2312822.

[29] J. Kim, R. M. Pankow, Y. Cho, I. D. Duplessis, F. Qin, D. Meli, R. Daso, D. Zheng, W. Huang, J. Rivnay, T. J. Marks, A. Facchetti, Nat. Electron. 2024, 7, 234.

[30] M. Frisch, G. Trucks, H. Schlegel, G. Scuseria, M. Robb, J. Cheeseman, G. Scalmani, V. Barone, B. Mennucci, G. Petersson, Gaussian 09 (Revision D.01), 2009. https://www.scienceopen.com/document?vid=2f88089c-f1ad-492a-816b-4ce3ddc41530fGaussian 09 (Revision C.01) – ScienceOpen

[31] K. Raghavachari, Theor. Chem. Acc. 2000, 103, 361.

[32] S. T. M Tan, S. Keene, A. Giovannitti, A. Melianas, M. Moser, I. McCulloch, A. Salleo, J. Mater. Chem. C 2021, 9, 12148.

[33] Y. Q. Zheng, Y. Liu, D. Zhong, S. Nikzad, S. Liu, Z. Yu, D. Liu, H. C. Wu, C. Zhu, J. Li, H. Tran, J. B. Tok, Z. Bao, Science 2021, 373, 88.

[34] Z. Wang, X. J. Zheng, T. Ouchi, T. B. Kouznetsova, H. K. Beech, S. Av-Ron, T. Matsuda, B. H. Bowser, S. Wang, J. A. Johnson, J. A. Kalow, B. D. Olsen, J. P. Gong, M. Rubinstein, S. L. Craig, Science 2021, 374, 193.

[35] H. Chen, A. Wadsworth, C. Ma, A. Nanni, W. Zhang, M. Nikolka, A. M. T. Luci, L. M. A. Perdigao, K. J. Thorley, C. Cendra, B. Larson, G. Rumbles, T. D. Anthopoulos, A. Salleo, G. Costantini, H. Sirringhaus, I. McCulloch, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 18806.

[36] C. Liu, Y. Xu, Y.-Y. Noh, Mater. Today 2015, 18, 79.

[37] Z. Zhou, X. Wu, T. L. D. Tam, C. G. Tang, S. Chen, K. Hou, T. Li, Q. He, J. J. Sit, J. Xu, W. L. Leong, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 34, 2305780.

[38] Z. Zhao, Z. Tian, F. Yan, Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2023, 4, 101673.

[39] Y. Yao, W. Huang, J. Chen, G. Wang, H. Chen, X. Zhuang, Y. Ying, J. Ping, T. J. Marks, A. Facchetti, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2021, 118, e2111790118.

[40] Y. Wang, G. Zhu, E. Zeglio, T. C. H. Castillo, S. Haseena, M. K. Ravva, S. Cong, J. Chen, L. Lan, Z. Li, A. Herland, I. McCulloch, S. Inal, W. Yue, Chem. Mater. 2023, 35, 405.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2024 The Author(s). Aggregate published by SCUT, AIEI, and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.