Cellulosic fibers are emerging as sustainable building blocks for high-value functional materials, combining renewable sourcing, low density, and tunable chemistry with scalable spinning routes. A design-to-application framework is used to organize the field, connecting feedstock selection and pretreatment to precursor formulation, spinnability, and multiscale structure formation. Two complementary fiber-spinning strategies are examined: colloidal routes, in which nanocellulose and derivative slurries are assembled into percolated networks, and solution routes, in which cellulose is dissolved in greener solvent systems, and regeneration, drawing, and crystallinity are precisely regulated. Across both approaches, quantitative structural determinants governing processability and performance are distilled, including degree of polymerization, crystallinity, aspect ratio, surface charge, relaxation time, and coagulation kinetics. The roles of flow fields, gelation and phase separation, and post-treatments in dictating orientation, porosity, interfacial coupling, and defect populations are further synthesized. These structure levers define the pathways for mechanical robustness, electrical and ionic transport, thermal conduction and radiation, and responsive behavior. Recent progress is consolidated for electromagnetic interference shielding textiles, flexible and wearable sensors, energy storage and conversion fibers, thermal management and radiative cooling, and biomedical platforms, with emphasis on property targets, device integration, and durability under realistic operating conditions. Finally, key priorities are identified, including standardized spinnability metrics and in-line diagnostics, achieving solvent and reagent circularity, developing data-guided process maps for scale-up, and implementing end-of-life strategies that keep cellulose within a closed-loop system. Collectively, these perspectives are intended to accelerate the transition of spun cellulosic fibers from sustainable alternatives to first-choice materials for next-generation functional textiles and devices.

Fiber-shaped aqueous zinc-ion batteries (FAZIBs) offer a practical approach to wearable energy storage by combining zinc-ion chemistry with flexible fiber architectures suitable for textile integration. This review systematically examines the fundamental energy storage mechanisms, including Zn²⁺ intercalation/deintercalation, H⁺ intercalation/deintercalation, H⁺/Zn²⁺ co-intercalation/deintercalation, and chemical conversion reactions, providing key insights for materials design. Advances in cathode materials are analyzed, with coverage of carbon-based hierarchical composites, metal-based shape-memory frameworks, manganese and vanadium oxides with structural improvements, and organic compounds for selective proton storage. Zinc anode developments include liquid metal integration for stretchability, surface engineering for dendrite suppression, and wet-spinning methods for improved stability. Gel electrolyte systems encompass polymer-based dual networks, zwitterionic designs, ionic liquid formulations, and hybrid architectures supporting wide-temperature operation and mechanical durability. Assembly strategies from parallel to twisted to coaxial designs are evaluated for their electrochemical and mechanical characteristics. Applications in smart textiles with bidirectional charging, healthcare monitoring, and IoT sensing demonstrate FAZIBs’ potential for integrated energy systems. Challenges such as high internal resistance, manufacturing precision, electrode separation under deformation, and thin encapsulation are addressed, with proposed solutions including microfluidic processing, biomimetic designs, and multi-functional integration. This review connects fundamental mechanisms with practical developments, providing a roadmap for advancing FAZIBs in flexible electronics.

Solid composite electrolytes that integrate metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with polymer electrolytes combine the flexibility of polymers with structural order and rigidity of MOFs, emerging as promising candidates for high-performance solid-state lithium batteries. However, conventional physical blending leads to poor interfacial compatibility between MOFs and polymer, hindering ion transport and resulting in phase separation during processing and operation, thereby compromising structural integrity and compositional homogeneity. Electrospinning has recently offered an effective strategy to better incorporate MOFs within polymer matrices, enabling more uniform composites and enhanced ion conduction. Based on these developments, this review systematically elaborates on the component design and ion transport mechanisms of MOFs/polymer nanofiber electrolytes, with a focus on advanced integration strategies beyond physical mixing. This review further discusses combined methods for fabricating MOFs/polymer nanofiber electrolytes and examines the synergistic mechanisms by which MOFs and polymers collectively enhance ionic conductivity and interfacial stability. This review also provides a detailed analysis of current challenges facing MOFs-based composite electrolytes and proposes potential future research directions. By presenting a comprehensive, systematic, and accessible overview of integration strategies and functional mechanisms in diverse MOFs/polymer nanofiber electrolytes, this review aims to inform and inspire the development of high-performance solid-state lithium batteries.

Aerogels have emerged as ideal materials for extreme environments due to their excellent thermal insulation. However, conventional aerogels often suffer from poor mechanical properties, limited thermal stability, and inadequate breathability. Herein, a fluorinated polyimide (FPI) nanofibrous aerogel with ultralight weight, and high mechanical strength is constructed by moisture-assistant electrospinning for self-powered sensing. Due to the rapid phase transition of the charged jet through interaction between the fluorinated polyamic acid solution (FPAA) and water molecules, enabling the interweaving and cross-linking of nanofibers into a fluffy aerogel structure. Furthermore, the resulting FPI nanofibrous aerogels exhibit exceptional thermal insulation property with low thermal conductivity (0.045 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹), super-hydrophobicity with water contact angle of 151° and superior moisture permeability of 10150 g/(m²·24 h). Moreover, the FPI nanofibrous aerogels show excellent piezoelectric properties (up to 34 V), rendering them ideal candidates for next-generation wearable electronics, particularly in high-precision physiological signal monitoring applications. In addition, the speech recognition system was able to recognize everyday sentences with precise detection of pauses and intonations. This work presents a novel strategy for designing FPI-based nanofibrous aerogels, paving the way for their practical applications in thermal insulation and self-powered sensing under extreme environmental conditions.

The development of dental resin composites (DRCs) with high mechanical performance remains a significant challenge due to the weak filler-matrix interfacial bonding. Herein, we proposed a rational strategy for interfacial reinforcement by grafting methacrylate-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (MA-POSS) onto the thiolated short quartz fibers (SQFs-SH) via the thiol-ene click chemistry. The resulting surface-functionalized fibers (P_xSQFs) exhibited tunable grafted layer thicknesses by controlling the thiol concentration, where P_0.33SQFs showed the roughest surface (Ra = 17.92 nm) and the optimal grafted thickness (0.86 μm). All P_xSQFs were incorporated into the Bis-GMA-based matrix and photopolymerized by visible light to fabricate dental composites. Among all materials, the developed P_0.33SQFs-filled DRCs (P_0.33SQFs-DRCs) exhibited the highest flexural strength and modulus, fracture toughness, and fracture work, which were increased by 64.8, 123.3, 51.2, and 118.7%, respectively, over the unmodified SQFs-filled composites (p < 0.05, n = 6). Meanwhile, all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to elucidate the mechanical performance and interfacial behavior of P_xSQFs-DRCs, using the Gromacs-4.6.7 software package and a general AMBER force field. The results revealed that P_0.33SQFs-DRCs exhibited the strongest interfacial adhesion, the highest resistance during the fiber pull-out process, and the maximum stress response under both longitudinal and transverse uniaxial tension models. In vitro and in vivo cytocompatibility assessments confirmed that this P_0.33SQFs-DRCs material showed no adverse effects. This work provides a multiscale construction strategy for fiber surface functionalization and combines experimental and simulation studies on the interfacial behaviors of dental composites, which can offer a design guidance for the next-generation of dental materials with enhanced mechanical reliability and clinical safety.

Materials exhibiting efficient thermal camouflage are garnering significant interest for their critical applications in advanced technological fields, including defense and aerospace. Ceramic fiber aerogels are widely employed as infrared stealth materials owing to their excellent thermal insulation and structural stability. However, technological advancements have led to localized temperatures in some advanced equipment reaching approximately 1500 °C, which imposes stricter requirements on infrared stealth materials. Under such extreme high-temperature conditions, ceramic nanofiber aerogels are susceptible to irreversible damage due to malignant grain growth. This can lead to infrared exposure or even equipment disintegration, a problem that has remained unresolved. In this study, we prepared ceramic fiber materials with excellent mechanical properties at 1500 °C through crystal structure design. The excellent overall performance of the infrared radiation shield device arises from a unique cell cavity structure. This structure is formed by interlocking multi-sized fibers and interfacially bonding with an aluminum foil. Under the extreme temperature of 1500 °C, the shield device fabricated with aluminum foil interfacial bonding exhibited a cold surface radiation temperature of only 65 °C, successfully achieving infrared stealth. After 30 min, the device withstood 1000 compression cycles and exhibited no structural failure under high-frequency vibration. This next-generation infrared stealth device features exceptional heat resistance and mechanical performance, providing reliable protection for personnel and equipment in extreme environments.

The next generation of human–machine interfaces demands materials that can conform to skin, sustain large deformations, and transduce signals with both robustness and intelligence. Conventional hydrogels rarely satisfy all these requirements, being mechanically fragile or restricted to passive sensing. Here we present a bioinspired ionic hydrogel platform that integrates mechanical resilience, biomimetic design, and machine learning recognition, transforming soft matter into an intelligent interface. The hydrogel is engineered as a hierarchical double network of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) crystallites and cellulose nanofiber scaffolds, dynamically bridged by tannic acid–ion complexes and hydrated with glycerol. This architecture provides a tensile strength of 1.46 MPa at 481% elongation and a compressive modulus of 17.1 MPa. The hydrogel exhibits rapid response and recovery times of 74 and 55 ms under 30 kPa pressure and maintains stable relative resistance signals through 1000 compression cycles. Its intrinsic adhesion ensures conformal integration with skin for reliable monitoring of joint bending, posture, and subtle gestures, while biomimetic hydrogel ropes emulate muscle fibers to dissipate energy and maintain fatigue-resistant performance during large-amplitude motion. Beyond physical sensing, coupling the hydrogel with a pressure-sensing keyboard and a lightweight one-dimensional convolutional neural network enables keystroke dynamics to be classified with 95.2% accuracy, robust across 30–70% relative humidity and 16–32 °C. These results establish a multifunctional hydrogel platform that combines toughness, adhesion, and signal intelligence, paving the way for wearable sensors, posture monitoring, and secure digital interfaces.

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are a promising strategy for harvesting body heat to power wearable electronics. However, the development of a TEG that combines high mechanical durability, effective utilization of vertical temperature gradients, and scalable fabrication remains a major challenge exacerbated by the inherent brittleness of most inorganic thermoelectric materials. We report a TEG where cotton yarn serves as a flexible substrate that is coated with silver selenide (Ag₂Se), which is an intrinsically ductile thermoelectric material. Ag₂Se is coated on cotton yarns by a simple solution process that eliminates the need for high temperatures while preserving scalability and mechanical flexibility. Systematic optimization of the Ag₂Se-coated yarns resulted in a figure of merit of 0.343 at 295 K. A yarn-based TEG was fabricated that maintained excellent durability over 5000 bending cycles with a 6 mm radius of curvature. Under real-world conditions for wearable applications, the yarn TEG generated 0.326 µW at a temperature difference of 2.8 K (stationary) and 0.604 µW at a temperature difference of 4.4 K (walking). This work establishes a scalable and practical platform for integrating high-performance inorganic thermoelectric materials into flexible and wearable energy-harvesting systems.

Conventional foot pressure sensors suffer from measurement inaccuracy, wearing discomfort, and frequent calibration, which greatly hinder their long-term practical application. Herein, we develop a tannic acid (TA)-enhanced thermoplastic poly(ether–ester) elastomer/polypyrrole hybrid membrane (TPEE–PPy–TA) with high stretchability and excellent durability as a foot pressure insole for deep learning algorithms assisted effective detection of knee deformities. Specifically, the TPEE fibrous substrate is primarily synthesized through a precisely controlled electrospinning process. Then, the in-situ polymerization of pyrrole on TPEE substrate is conducted using FeCl₃ as an oxidant and TA as a dopant. The incorporation of TA can dramatically enhance the stretchability of TPEE–PPy hybrid membrane. This enhancement is attributed to abundant phenolic hydroxyl groups of TA, which synergistically interact with both PPy chains and Fe³⁺ ions to form multifunctional interfacial networks. The stretchable and conductive membrane-based flexible sensor demonstrates outstanding pressure-sensing performance with broad detection range, fast response/recovery time, and excellent cyclic stability under 10 N loading. Beyond accurately monitoring various human motions and effectively transmitting haptic-based Morse code signals, our pressure monitoring system achieves 98.0% diagnostic accuracy for knee valgus/varus deformities through deep learning analysis of flexion signals when integrated into a foot pressure insole. This work establishes a new paradigm for smart textiles in wearable medical diagnostics by synergistically combining material innovation with AI-assisted health monitoring technology.

Collagen-based hydrogels are promising scaffolds for regenerative medicine due to their inherent bioactivity and biocompatibility. However, their clinical translation is hindered by the trade-off between injectability and fibrillar structural fidelity. Herein, we present a dynamic collagen hydrogel via a stage-mimicking assembly strategy that decouples rapid in situ crosslinking from subsequent fibrillogenesis. Methacrylated collagen (ColMA) was first crosslinked with dithiothreitol (DTT) through a visible light-induced thiol-ene reaction, forming an amorphous gel within seconds (Stage Ⅰ). Upon physiological incubation, the system spontaneously reconstructed into a fibrous matrix (Stage Ⅱ) with tunable mechanics and redox activity. The formed collagen nanofibers recapitulated extracellular matrix features, supported cell adhesion and orderly migration, while DTT-derived thiol groups conferred reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity. In a diabetic wound model, the fibrillar hydrogel significantly promoted wound closure and epithelial regeneration, outperforming non-fibrillar or non-antioxidant controls. Histological and transcriptomic analyses confirmed enhanced M2 macrophage polarization, integrin β1-mediated adhesion, and activation of redox-responsive and cell–matrix interaction pathways. This study provides a versatile injectable collagen platform that integrates structural biomimicry, dynamic remodeling, and redox modulation, demonstrating high potential for chronic wound repair and broader bioresponsive scaffold design.

Excessive exudate accumulation and chronic inflammation are major barriers to diabetic wound repair, leading to infection risk and impaired tissue regeneration. Conventional dressings lack elasticity and intimate skin conformability, often adhering to fragile tissue and causing secondary trauma. Herein, we developed an ultra-conformable Janus dressing composed of a gentamicin sulfate (GS)-loaded styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) immune-modulating layer and a PEO–PPO–PEO triblock copolymer (F127)/curcumin (Cur)-loaded thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) pH-visualizing layer. The asymmetric design integrates differences in surface wettability and fiber porosity between the two layers and enables unidirectional and anti-gravity transport of wound exudate from the SEBS/GS side to the TPU/F127/Cur side, effectively preventing fluid reflux and reducing infection risk. The soft and elastic polymeric matrix ensures intimate wound conformity and mechanical protection, while facilitating angiogenesis and collagen deposition. Furthermore, the pH-responsive dressing not only absorbs inflammatory exudates, but also provides visual, dynamic monitoring of the healing process through pH-dependent color changes. In vitro assays and histological analyses demonstrated that GS-mediated immunomodulation via inflammation suppression and microenvironment improvement markedly accelerated wound closure in diabetic models within 12 days. This multifunctional dressing offers a promising pathway toward next-generation, intelligent, and patient-friendly therapies for chronic diabetic wounds.

The application of superhydrophobic surfaces to prevent salt accumulation in solar-driven interfacial evaporation is currently hindered due to their inferior durability. This study presents superhydrophobic photothermal fabrics (ITMS@PET) with ambient-temperature spontaneous and photothermally accelerated dual-mode self-healing capability by electrospraying imine-bond crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane-based supramolecular polymers (I-PDMS), titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs), and MXene sediment (MS) on the polyester fabric. The MS recycled from the synthesis process of MXene endows the fabric with broadband spectrum absorption capacity with absorptance of 92.9% in the range of 200–2500 nm, addressing the double challenges of cost and resource waste. Owing to the synergy of high-bond-energy I-PDMS and toughened TiO₂ NPs, ITMS@PET fabrics maintain their superhydrophobicity after abrasion, washing, chemical corrosion, ultraviolet, outdoor, and extreme temperature exposure. Furthermore, driven by free energy minimization, the migration of dynamic imine bonds to damaged areas enables the ITMS@PET fabrics to self-heal their superhydrophobicity at 20 °C within 4 h, with the process accelerating to 16 min under 1 sun irradiation. Notably, the integration of ITMS@PET fabrics with cotton rod and thermal insulator constructs solar fabric evaporators that resist performance degradation from salt and dust fouling, achieving the water flux of 1.95 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ and solar efficiency of 90.7% under 1 sun irradiation, with no performance decline after 50 cycles. This work addresses the poor durability of superhydrophobic solar evaporators by proposing a stable, efficient, economical, and eco-friendly approach to freshwater production.

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) devices have promising applications in the fields of wearable power technology, motion monitoring, physiological monitoring, and human–computer interaction. A challenge is making TENG devices according to scalable techniques enabling multidirectional action with high sensitivity and accuracy. Herein, we present a scalable nanotechnology, delivering a dual-electrode semi-cylindrical fiber TENG (DE-TENG), resembling a combination of Merkel disks (MD) and Ruffini endings (RE) skin elements responding to different tactile stimuli. The upper and lower silver nanowire-based (Ag NWs) electrodes are encapsulated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to form single-electrode modes in a DE-TENG configuration with asymmetric responsivity for both electrodes. For energy harvesting applications, a long-term stable output results, and the instantaneous output power of the upper electrode reaches a maximum value of 0.64 μW at an external load resistance of 100 MΩ, with the output power of the lower electrode being four times smaller. Moreover, for motion recognition with low forces (below 0.15 N), a very high sensitivity is realized in the state of the art, with the upper and lower electrode layers of the DE-TENG material providing 9 V/N and 15 V/N. In this context, the DE-TENG material was mounted onto a finger to accurately identify a bending or touching motion, benefiting from a strong signal at least by one of the electrodes, and further exploited in a multi-channel wearable e-fabric with stimulus-dependent position recognition. In combination with deep learning, coupling of multi-channel signals from such dual-electrode TENG can improve the accuracy of motion recognition up to 99.84%, further extending the applications of TENGs in wearable sensors.

We report self-sacrificial in situ synthesis of a Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst Fe₃(PO₄)₂/MIL–88B(Fe)–NH₂ that shares a common metal component, where the Fe fiber substrate serves dually as the structural support and metal precursor. The resulting heterojunction fiber composite, noted as Fe/MIL–NH₂@fiber, demonstrates efficient charge separation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, in which MIL–88B(Fe)–NH₂ drives superoxide radical (

Helical architectures are ubiquitous in nature and inspire the design of flexible fibers with unique functionalities. However, conventional fabrication methods often fail to combine structural precision with scalable production. Here, we present a non-isometric coaxial wet-spinning strategy that couples rope-coil and shell-limited domain effects to continuously produce helical fibers. Counter-directional shear induces interfacial instability in the inner phase, driving its spontaneous folding into helices stabilized by a rapidly crosslinked rigid shell. Using polyurethane (PU) and alginate (Alg) as the inner and outer phases, respectively, we fabricate continuous and controllable PU helical fibers (PU-HF) by extrusion into a CaCl₂ coagulation bath, followed by hydrogel removal. Incorporating a reverse twisting process yields self-shrinking tubular fibers (PU-RHF) with dynamic thermal regulation, dissipating heat during motion and retaining warmth at rest. The integration of carbon nanotubes (CNT) further produces artificial muscle fibers (CNT/PU-HF) that exhibit large actuation strokes and rapid responses to organic solvents, enabling real-time leak detection. This versatile and scalable approach establishes a modular platform for high-performance flexible fibers, overcoming cost, stability, and continuity bottlenecks in microfluidic spinning and template winding methods, thereby advancing the development of intelligent textile technologies.

Electroplating copper (Cu) on carbon nanotube fiber (CNTF) is a promising approach to fabricate a Cu/CNTF as a next-generation electrical wire based on the electrical properties of Cu and light weight, high mechanical, and thermal properties of CNTF. However, the mechanical and electrical properties of Cu/CNTFs are inferior to those of Cu wires owing to low interfacial shear strength and high contact resistance. Herein, 2-pyrene imine thiol (PIT), having strong affinity to both Cu and CNTF, is incorporated into liquid crystalline (LC) dope of CNTF for interface engineered spinning. The resulting PIT-CNTFs are harnessed for Cu electroplating with accelerator and suppressor to form the conformal contact between Cu and CNTF. The Cu/PIT-CNTF exhibits unprecedentedly high tensile strength (3.97 GPa), electrical and specific electrical conductivity (1.07 × 10⁸ S·m⁻¹ and 1.79 × 10⁴ S·m²·kg⁻¹), and current carrying capacity (9.41 × 10⁵ A·cm⁻²), which are 14.18-, 1.88-, 2.89-, and 5.80-fold higher than those of Cu wire, respectively. Based on the properties, the Cu/PIT-CNTF is used as an electrical wire for earphone, recharger, and lighting bulb, and its electrical properties are more stable under high temperature, repeated bending cycles, corrosion, and alternating current than Cu wire.

Lead halide perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as a promising material in various optoelectric devices. However, their fabrication and direct patterning remain challenging due to the intrinsic susceptibility of perovskite QDs. Thus, a chemically mild and facile patterning method is required for advancement in QD applications. Herein, we developed a laser-assisted ligand engineering method that enables facile and precise, non-destructive surface modification of QDs. By employing a mid-IR CO₂ laser, surface ligands were selectively removed, resulting in precise modulation of optical and chemical properties without disrupting the nanostructure. This solvent- and mask-free patterning technique offers rapid processing and facile spatial control compared with conventional chemical approaches. We demonstrated the application of this technique in the fabrication of a QD-based fluorescent sensing platform. The laser-assisted ligand engineering enabled CsPbBr₃ perovskite-embedded nanofibers to exhibit a dual-mode fluorescent response to gaseous ammonia, with a detection limit of 0.152 ppm for fluorescence quenching and 0.6 ppm for enhancement. This approach enables direct patterning of visually responsive sensors, highlighting their potential for integrated detection and display.

Within the framework of smart health, personal thermal management wearables that combine radiative cooling and heating are essential for countering dynamic temperature regulations. However, the integration of motion monitoring and activity analysis functionalities into such systems for extended outdoor use remains challenging. Herein, a dual-modulated natural skin-derived composite (DM-Skin) was tailored via in situ electrospinning of a polyurethane/SiO₂ fibrous membrane (RCFM) and vapor-deposition polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy) on both sides of a natural skin-derived material (N-Skin), achieving switchable solar modulation that combines radiative cooling and heating. DM-Skin demonstrated exceptional thermal regulation with 19.3 °C cooling and 14.3 °C heating under 980 W·m⁻² solar irradiance, attributed to the high solar reflectivity (94%) and mid-infrared emissivity (96%) of the cooling side, and strong solar absorptivity (93%) of the heating side. The net cooling power and heating power reached 99.2 W/m² and 770.8 W/m². With the help of enhanced triboelectric charge modulation, DM-Skin triboelectric nanogenerator gained high output performance with an open-circuit voltage of 168.5 V, a short-circuit current of 4.2 μA, and a transfer charge of 59.2 nC, enabling self-powered operation of small electronics, and human motion monitoring. This performance originated from the RCFM, which enhanced charge generation, and the regional incorporation of PPy in N-Skin improved the charge capture and storage capacity. DM-Skin maintained excellent breathability, softness, and mechanical properties comparable to those of conventional leather. This study contributes to the development of next-generation wearable devices that provide satisfactory thermal comfort and human health monitoring.

Thermal management and moisture transport are of paramount importance for human comfort when developing next-generation high-performance fabrics. However, most flexible radiative cooling materials fail to achieve broad-spectrum solar thermal regulation while neglecting human moisture comfort, leading to compromised cooling efficiency. Herein, we fabricate a hierarchical gradient structured fabric (SPRF) that mitigates challenges with both thermal management and moisture transport. The hierarchical gradient structure enables broadband scattering across the entire solar spectrum, thereby enhancing radiative cooling performance, and concurrently facilitates directional water transport to deliver additional evaporative cooling. With a reflection of 94.2% and an emission of 96.7%, SPRF achieved sub-ambient radiative cooling temperature of 4.4 ℃. In addition, the SPRF achieved a cooling temperature of 9.2 ℃ via the synergistic integration of radiative and evaporative cooling. In summary, the SPRF employs a dual strategy of radiative cooling and rapid perspiration, paving the way for the development of next-generation human thermal management materials.

Conventional microdiscectomy for intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) effectively alleviates pain but fails to regenerate the annulus fibrosus (AF), resulting in an elevated risk of recurrent herniation and permanent disability. Moreover, the absence of reparative intervention, combined with aging-related inflammation, can exacerbate disc deterioration and degeneration. In this study, single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed distinct cellular profiles in aging IVDH patients, which revealed marked reductions in both the cellular abundance and differentiation potential of senescent annulus fibrosus stem cells (AFSCs). To address this clinical need, we developed a parallel-oriented magnesium silicate (MgSiO₃) nanofiber patch (P-MgSi@TAT) for AF repair. The patch utilizes tannic acid (TA) to reversibly bind to transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3). The sandwich-like structure of MgSiO₃—composed of two Si‒O tetrahedral layers and a Mg²⁺ layer—promotes the release of Mg²⁺–TA–TGF-β3 in an acidic inflammatory microenvironment. In vitro, the parallel fiber architecture exhibited significant anti-inflammatory properties and promoted M2 macrophage polarization via the TGF-β/YAP/TAZ signaling pathway. In addition, the cascade effect triggered by anti-inflammatory cytokines contributes to the alleviation of AFSCs senescence and extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism homeostasis. In vivo, P-MgSi@TAT supported ECM formation and restored biomechanical properties, thereby facilitating AF regeneration. Thus, this patch holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for AF regeneration, with the potential to reduce recurrent herniation risk, and warrants further clinical trials.

Smart textiles demonstrate transformative potential for robotics and wearable applications, but their operational stability remains critically dependent on environmental conditions. Herein, we proposed a high-humidity resistance flexible knitted tribovoltaic smart textile (TST), which was prepared of Al wire and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate), and polyethylene glycol-based conductive cotton. Compared to traditional triboelectric textile that suffer from severe electrical output degradation or even signal failure in humid environments, the TST achieves advancement in electromechanical stability at high humidity. Under extreme conditions (85% RH), the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of TST are 0.88 V and 8.12 μA, exhibiting exceptional moisture resistance. Attaching to human joints (wrists, knees, fingers, etc.), the TST can effectively monitor the movement state of the human body. By integrating it with machine learning technology, the recognition and sensing of sign language gestures can be realized, whose recognition accuracy of eight different sign language gestures can reach 98.75%. This work demonstrates the application potential of tribovoltaic wearable electronic skin in fields such as motion monitoring and robotics.

The application and prospect of flexible smart textile in the fields of wearable devices and E-skin.

Wound treatment is a major global clinical challenge associated with substantial economic burden and a negative impact on patient quality. The clinical translation of advanced wound dressings is hindered by fabrication complexity for exudate control and the inadequacy of single-point sensors. Here, a smart fibrous platform consisting of a fibrous membrane and a wireless five-channel optoelectronic circuit was proposed for directional exudate transport, real-time spatial pH monitoring, and wound-healing promotion. Inspired by vascular plants, the gradient hierarchically designed fibrous membrane composed of polycaprolactone, collagen, and anthocyanin was fabricated through a single-solution continuous electrospinning process by adjusting spinning flow rate and driving directional exudate transport from the wound to the exterior. The anthocyanin color changes were converted to voltage by a wireless five-channel optoelectronic circuit, enabling spatial pH monitoring in the pH range of 3–11 with a sensitivity of 37 mV/pH and allowing for the early detection of wound infection by capturing its unique early peripheral alkalinization. The platform also demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility with potent antibacterial efficacy (> 97%). In vivo assays and histopathological studies suggest that the platform accelerates wound closure by about 17.5% over commercial gauze while promoting collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and inflammatory factors expression reduction. By unifying an engineered exudate management mechanism with spatially resolved diagnostics and bioactive therapy, this work offers a new paradigm for the rational design of intelligent wound care platforms.

The development of strain-insensitive conductive fibers (SICFs) is crucial for wearable electronics; however, existing methods often involve complex processes and lack scalability. Here, we propose a novel strategy integrating rotational co-extrusion with wet spinning to fabricate helical conductive fibers with exceptional strain insensitivity and temperature sensing capabilities. By dynamically controlling the nozzle rotation speed (0–100 r/min), we achieve programmable helical architectures in the conductive layer, which synergistically dissipate mechanical stress through geometric deformation and maintain conductive pathways via dynamic ion redistribution in porous structures. The resulting fibers exhibit ultra-low resistance variation (ΔR/R₀ = 3.81% at 100% strain) and outstanding stability under bending (90°), twisting (720°), and cyclic stretching (1000 cycles). Simultaneously, the embedded ionic liquid endows the fibers with high thermal sensitivity (71.78% resistance drop at 20–70 °C), enabling precise temperature monitoring even during motion. Notably, the fibers demonstrate a linear response in the physiologically critical 30–40 °C range (18.5% resistance change), outperforming existing SICFs in strain–temperature decoupling. This study not only innovatively proposes a scalable process that integrates helical structure programming, material compounding, and fiber forming into a single operation but also extends the application of rotational co-extrusion technology to the field of wet spinning. It provides novel insights for multifunctional conductive fibers in areas such as wearable health monitoring and soft robotics sensing.