A Novel NASICON-Type Na3.5MnCr0.5Ti0.5(PO4)3 Nanofiber with Multi-electron Reaction for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries

Ting Zhu, Wei Liu, Xiaobin Liao, Mengyao Wang, Hao Fan, Zihe Wei, Congcong Cai, Liyan Yang, Mufang Li, Dong Wang, Ping Hu, Xuanpeng Wang

Advanced Fiber Materials ›› 2024, Vol. 6 ›› Issue (2) : 561-569. DOI: 10.1007/s42765-023-00367-4
Research Article

A Novel NASICON-Type Na3.5MnCr0.5Ti0.5(PO4)3 Nanofiber with Multi-electron Reaction for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries

Author information +
History +

Abstract

Sodium superionic conductors (NASICONs) show significant promise for application in the development of cathodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, it remains a major challenge to develop the desired multi-electron reaction cathode with a high specific capacity and energy density. Herein, we report a novel NASICON-type Na3.5MnCr0.5Ti0.5(PO4)3 cathode obtained by combining electrospinning and stepwise sintering processes. This cathode exhibits a high discharge capacity of 160.4 mAh g−1 and operates at a considerable medium voltage of 3.2 V. The Na3.5MnCr0.5Ti0.5(PO4)3 cathode undergoes a multi-electron redox reaction involving the Cr3+/4+ (4.40/4.31 V vs. Na/Na+), Mn3+/4+ (4.18/4.03 V), Mn2+/3+ (3.74/3.41 V), and Ti3+/4+ (2.04/2.14 V) redox couples. This redox reaction enables a three-electron transfer during the Na+ intercalation/de-intercalation processes. As a result, the Na3.5MnCr0.5Ti0.5(PO4)3 demonstrates a significant enhancement in energy density, surpassing other recently reported SIB cathodes. The highly reversible structure evolution and small volume changes during cycling were demonstrated with in-situ X-ray diffraction, ensuring outstanding cyclability with 77% capacity retention after 500 cycles. Furthermore, a NMCTP@C//Sb@C full battery was fabricated, which delivered a high energy density of 421 Wh kg−1 and exhibited good cyclability with 75.7% capacity retention after 100 cycles. The rational design of composition regulation with multi-metal ion substitution holds the potential to unlock new possibilities in achieving high-performance SIBs.

A novel NASICON-structured Na3.5MnCr0.5Ti0.5(PO4)3 nanofiber was successfully designed and prepared. This nanofiber was employed to research the multi-electron reaction and the resulting structural evolution in SIBs. The optimal Na-migration pathway has also been investigated by DFT computations. A full SIB battery was fabricated and delivered a high energy density (421 Wh kg−1) and cyclability (75.7% after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1).

Keywords

Sodium-ion battery / NASICON structure / Na3.5MnTi0.5Cr0.5(PO4)3 nanofiber / Ex/in-situ characterization / Multi-electron reaction

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Ting Zhu, Wei Liu, Xiaobin Liao, Mengyao Wang, Hao Fan, Zihe Wei, Congcong Cai, Liyan Yang, Mufang Li, Dong Wang, Ping Hu, Xuanpeng Wang. A Novel NASICON-Type Na3.5MnCr0.5Ti0.5(PO4)3 Nanofiber with Multi-electron Reaction for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries. Advanced Fiber Materials, 2024, 6(2): 561‒569 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-023-00367-4

References

[1]
Wang QC, Feng QG, Lei YP, Tang SH, Xu L, Xiong Y, Fang GZ, Wang YC, Yang PY, Liu JJ, Liu W, Xiong X. Quasi-solid-state Zn-air batteries with an atomically dispersed cobalt electrocatalyst and organohydrogel electrolyte. Nat Commun, 2022, 13: 3689,
CrossRef Google scholar
[2]
Deng DN, Wu J, Feng QG, Zhao X, Liu MJ, Bai Y, Wang JX, Zheng XR, Jiang JB, Zhuang ZC, Xiong X, Wang DS, Lei YP. Highly reversible zinc-air batteries at -40℃ enabled by anion-mediated biomimetic fat. Adv Funct Mater, 2023, 34,
CrossRef Google scholar
[3]
Zhang W, Dai YH, Chen RW, Xu ZM, Li JW, Zong W, Li HX, Li Z, Zhang ZY, Zhu JX, Guo F, Gao X, Du ZJ, Chen JT, Wang TL, He GJ, Parkin IP. Highly reversible zinc metal anode in a dilute aqueous electrolyte enabled by a pH buffer additive. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2023, 62: 2212695
[4]
Zhang W, Wu YL, Xu ZM, Li HX, Xu M, Li JW, Dai YH, Zong W, Chen RW, He L, Zhang ZA, Brett DJL, He GJ, Lai YQ, Parkin IP. Rationally designed sodium chromium vanadium phosphate cathodes with multi-electron reaction for fast-charging sodium-ion batteries. Adv Energy Mater, 2022, 12: 2201065,
CrossRef Google scholar
[5]
Yabuuchi N, Kubota K, Dahbi M, Komaba S. Research development on sodium-ion batteries. Chem Rev, 2014, 114: 11636,
CrossRef Google scholar
[6]
Vaalma C, Buchholz D, Weil M, Passerini S. A cost and resource analysis of sodium-ion batteries. Nat Rev Mater, 2018, 3: 18013,
CrossRef Google scholar
[7]
Hirsh HS, Li YX, Tan DHS, Zhang MH, Zhao EY, Meng YS. Sodium-ion batteries paving the way for grid energy storage. Adv Energy Mater, 2020, 10: 2001274,
CrossRef Google scholar
[8]
Zhao CL, Wang QD, Yao ZP, Wang JL, Sánchez-Lengeling B, Ding FX, Qi XG, Lu YX, Bai XD, Li BH, Li H, Aspuru-Guzik A, Huang XJ, Delmas C, Wagemaker M, Chen LQ, Hu YS. Rational design of layered oxide materials for sodium-ion batteries. Science, 2020, 370: 708,
CrossRef Google scholar
[9]
Liu TF, Zhang YP, Chen C, Lin Z, Zhang SQ, Lu J. Sustainability-inspired cell design for a fully recyclable sodium ion battery. Nat Commun, 2019, 10: 1965,
CrossRef Google scholar
[10]
Wang WL, Gang Y, Hu Z, Yan ZC, Li WJ, Li YC, Gu QF, Wang ZX, Chou SL, Liu HK, Dou SX. Reversible structural evolution of sodium-rich rhombohedral Prussian blue for sodium-ion batteries. Nat Commun, 2020, 11: 980,
CrossRef Google scholar
[11]
Gao RM, Zheng ZJ, Wang PF, Wang CY, Ye H, Cao FF. Recent advances and prospects of layered transition metal oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater, 2020, 30: 9,
CrossRef Google scholar
[12]
Xiong HL, Sun G, Liu ZL, Zhang L, Li L, Zhang W, Du F, Qiao ZA. Polymer stabilized droplet templating towards tunable hierarchical porosity in single crystalline Na3V2(PO4)3 for enhanced sodium-ion storage. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2021, 60: 10334,
CrossRef Google scholar
[13]
Guo DL, Qin JW, Yin ZG, Bai JM, Sun YK, Cao MH. Achieving high mass loading of Na3V2(PO4)3@carbon on carbon cloth by constructing three-dimensional network between carbon fibers for ultralong cycle-life and ultrahigh rate sodium-ion batteries. Nano Energy, 2018, 45: 136,
CrossRef Google scholar
[14]
Jiang Y, Zhou XF, Li DJ, Cheng XL, Liu FF, Yu Y. Highly reversible Na storage in Na3V2(PO4)3 by optimizing nanostructure and rational surface engineering. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8: 1800068,
CrossRef Google scholar
[15]
Zhou YF, Xu GF, Lin JD, Zhang YP, Fang GZ, Zhou J, Cao XX, Liang SQ. Reversible multielectron redox chemistry in a NASICON-type cathode toward high-energy-density and long-life sodium-ion full batteries. Adv Mater, 2023, 35,
CrossRef Google scholar
[16]
Zhou H, Cao ZT, Zhou YF, Li JX, Ling ZH, Fang GZ, Liang SQ, Cao XX. Unlocking rapid and robust sodium storage of fluorophosphate cathode via multivalent anion substitution. Nano Energy, 2023, 114,
CrossRef Google scholar
[17]
Zhang KY, Gu ZY, Ang EHX, Guo JZ, Wang XT, Wang YL, Wu XL. Advanced polyanionic electrode materials for potassium-ion batteries: Progresses, challenges and application prospects. Mater Today, 2022, 54: 189,
CrossRef Google scholar
[18]
Gu ZY, Heng YL, Guo JZ, Cao JM, Wang XT, Zhao XX, Sun ZH, Zheng SH, Liang HJ, Li B, Wu XL. Nano self-assembly of fluorophosphate cathode induced by surface energy evolution towards high-rate and stable sodium-ion batteries. Nano Res, 2022, 16: 439,
CrossRef Google scholar
[19]
Zhang W, Wu YL, Dai YH, Xu ZM, He L, Li Z, Li SH, Chen RW, Gao X, Zong W, Guo F, Zhu JX, Dong HB, Li JW, Ye CM, Li SM, Wu FX, Zhang ZA, He GJ, Lai YQ, Parkin IP. "Mn-locking" effect by anionic coordination manipulation stabilizing Mn-rich phosphate cathodes. Chem Sci, 2023, 14: 8662,
CrossRef Google scholar
[20]
Hou JR, Hadouchi M, Sui LJ, Liu J, Tang MX, Kan WH, Avdeev M, Zhong GM, Liao YK, Lai YH, Chu YH, Lin HJ, Chen CT, Hu ZW, Huang YH, Ma JW. Unlocking fast and reversible sodium intercalation in NASICON Na4MnV(PO4)3 by fluorine substitution. Energy Storage Mater, 2021, 42: 307,
CrossRef Google scholar
[21]
Gao HC, Seymour ID, Xin S, Xue LG, Henkelman G, Goodenough JB. Na3MnZr(PO4)3: A high-voltage cathode for sodium batteries. J Am Chem Soc, 2018, 140: 18192,
CrossRef Google scholar
[22]
Gao HC, Li YT, Park K, Goodenough JB. Sodium extraction from NASICON-structured Na3MnTi(PO4)3 through Mn(III)/Mn(II) and Mn(IV)/Mn(III) redox couples. Chem Mater, 2016, 28: 6553,
CrossRef Google scholar
[23]
Zhu T, Hu P, Wang XP, Liu ZH, Luo W, Owusu KA, Cao WW, Shi CW, Li JT, Zhou L, Mai LQ. Realizing three-electron redox reactions in NASICON-structured Na3MnTi(PO4)3 for sodium-ion batteries. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9: 1803436,
CrossRef Google scholar
[24]
Zhang J, Liu YC, Zhao XD, He LH, Liu H, Song YZ, Sun SD, Li Q, Xing XR, Chen J. A novel NASICON-type Na4MnCr(PO4)3 demonstrating the energy density record of phosphate cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. Adv Mater, 2020, 32: 1906348,
CrossRef Google scholar
[25]
Zheng YR, Liu JF, Huang D, Chen HD, Hou XH. Prepare and optimize NASICON-type Na4MnAl(PO4)3 as low cost cathode for sodium ion batteries. Surf Interfaces, 2022, 32,
CrossRef Google scholar
[26]
Liu JF, Lin KS, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Hou XH, Liu X, Lou HT, Lam K, Chen FM. Exceeding three-electron reactions in Na3+2 xMn1+ xTi1- x(PO4)3 NASICON cathodes with high energy density for sodium-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A, 2021, 9: 10437,
CrossRef Google scholar
[27]
Zhou WD, Xue LG, XJ, Gao HC, Li YT, Xin S, Fu GT, Cui ZM, Zhu Y, Goodenough JB. Na xMV(PO4)3 (M = Mn, Fe, Ni) Structure and properties for sodium extraction. Nano Lett, 2016, 16: 7836,
CrossRef Google scholar
[28]
Xu CL, Xiao RJ, Zhao JM, Ding FX, Yang Y, Rong XH, Guo XD, Yang C, Liu HZ, Zhong BH, Hu YS. Mn-Rich phosphate cathodes for Na-ion batteries with superior rate performance. ACS Energy Lett, 2021, 7: 97,
CrossRef Google scholar
[29]
Li HX, Jin T, Chen XB, Lai YQ, Zhang ZA, Bao WZ, Jiao LF. Rational architecture design enables superior Na storage in greener NASICON-Na4MnV(PO4)3 cathode. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8: 1801418,
CrossRef Google scholar
[30]
Lei P, Liu KL, Wan X, Luo DX, Xiang XD. Ultrafast Na intercalation chemistry of Na2Ti3/2Mn1/2(PO4)3 nanodots planted in a carbon matrix as a low cost anode for aqueous sodium-ion batteries. Chem Commun, 2019, 55: 509,
CrossRef Google scholar
[31]
Zhu L, Zhang MJ, Yang LX, Zhou KX, Wang Y, Sun D, Tang YG, Wang HY. Engineering hierarchical structure and surface of Na4MnV(PO4)3 for ultrafast sodium storage by a scalable ball milling approach. Nano Energy, 2022, 99: 2100729,
CrossRef Google scholar
[32]
Soundharrajan V, Alfaruqi MH, Lee S, Sambandam B, Kim S, Kim S, Mathew V, Pham DT, Hwang JY, Sun YK, Kim J. Multidimensional Na4VMn0.9Cu0.1(PO4)3/C cotton-candy cathode materials for high energy Na-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A., 2020, 8: 12055,
CrossRef Google scholar
[33]
Xu CL, Zhao JM, Wang EH, Liu XH, Shen X, Rong XH, Zheng Q, Ren GX, Zhang N, Liu XS, Guo XD, Yang C, Liu HZ, Zhong BH, Hu Y-S. A novel NASICON-typed Na4VMn0.5Fe0.5(PO4)3 cathode for high-performance Na-ion batteries. Adv Energy Mater, 2021, 11: 2100729,
CrossRef Google scholar
[34]
Wu YH, Meng XH, Yan LJ, Kang QL, Du HW, Wan CB, Fan MQ, Ma TL. Vanadium-free NASICON-type electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A, 2022, 10: 21816,
CrossRef Google scholar
[35]
Soundharrajan V, Nithiananth S, Sakthiabirami K, Kim JH, Su CY, Chang JK. The advent of manganese-substituted sodium vanadium phosphate-based cathodes for sodium-ion batteries and their current progress: a focused review. J Mater Chem A, 2022, 10: 1022,
CrossRef Google scholar
[36]
Wang HB, Chen C, Qian C, Liang CD, Lin Z. Symmetric sodium-ion batteries based on the phosphate material of NASICON-structured Na3Co0.5Mn0.5Ti(PO4)3. RSC Adv, 2017, 7: 33273,
CrossRef Google scholar
[37]
Niu YB, Zhao YN, Xu MW. Manganese-based polyanionic cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. Carbon Neutralization, 2023, 2: 150,
CrossRef Google scholar
[38]
Ma XM, Cao XX, Zhou YF, Guo S, Shi XD, Fang GZ, Pan AQ, Lu BA, Zhou J, Liang SQ. Tuning crystal structure and redox potential of NASICON-type cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. Nano Res, 2020, 13: 3330,
CrossRef Google scholar
[39]
Zhang JS, Liang GS, Wang C, Lin CF, Chen JJ, Zhang ZR, Zhao XS. Revisiting the stability of the Cr4+/Cr3+ redox couple in sodium superionic conductor compounds. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12: 28313,
CrossRef Google scholar
[40]
Jiang N, Yang C, Wang YC, Wang XY, Liu JH, Liu Y. A Mn-based ternary NASICON-type Na3.5MnTi0.5Cr0.5(PO4)3/C cathode for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater., 2023, 63: 102987
[41]
Liu JP, Huang Y, Zhao ZX, Ren WH, Li ZZ, Zou C, Zhao L, Tang ZM, Li X, Wang MS, Lin YH, Cao HJ. Yeast template-derived multielectron reaction NASICON structure Na3MnTi(PO4)3 for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13: 58585,
CrossRef Google scholar
[42]
Liu JF, Zhao Y, Huang XF, Zhou Y, Lam K, Yu DYW, Hou XH. NASICON-structured Na3MnTi(PO4)2.83F0.5 cathode with high energy density and rate performance for sodium-ion batteries. Chem Eng J, 2022, 435: 134839,
CrossRef Google scholar
[43]
Zhu T, Hu P, Cai CC, Liu ZA, Hu GW, Kuang Q, Mai LQ, Zhou L. Dual carbon decorated Na3MnTi(PO4)3: A high-energy-density cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. Nano Energy, 2020, 70: 2003256,
CrossRef Google scholar
[44]
Liu R, Zheng SY, Yuan YF, Yu PF, Liang ZT, Zhao WM, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Ding JX, Lu J, Yang Y. Counter-intuitive structural instability aroused by transition metal migration in polyanionic sodium ion host. Adv Energy Mater, 2020, 11: 2003256,
CrossRef Google scholar
[45]
Cao XW, Ma C, Luo L, Chen L, Cheng H, Orenstein RS, Zhang XW. Nanofiber materials for lithium-ion batteries. Adv Fiber Mater, 2023, 5: 1141,
CrossRef Google scholar
[46]
Ren W, Qin ML, Zhou YF, Zhou H, Zhu J, Pan JA, Zhou J, Cao XX, Liang SQ. Electrospun Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) nanofibers as free-standing cathodes for ultralong-life and high-rate sodium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater, 2023, 54: 776,
CrossRef Google scholar
[47]
Zhao YJ, Gao XW, Gao HC, Jin HB, Goodenough JB. Three electron reversible redox reaction in sodium vanadium chromium phosphate as a high-energy-density cathode for sodium-ion batteries. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30: 1908680,
CrossRef Google scholar
[48]
Chen MZ, Hua WB, Xiao J, Zhang JL, Lau VW, Park M, Lee GH, Lee S, Wang WL, Peng J, Fang L, Zhou LM, Chang C-K, Yamauchi Y, Chou SL, Kang YM. Activating a multielectron reaction of NASICON-structured cathodes toward high energy density for sodium-ion batteries. J Am Chem Soc, 2021, 143: 18091,
CrossRef Google scholar
[49]
Wang Y, Liu YK, He PG, Jin JT, Zhao XD, Shen QY, Li J, Qu XH, Liu YC, Jiao LF. “Win-Win” scenario of high energy density and long cycling life in a novel Na3.9MnCr0.9Zr0.1(PO4)3 cathode. Energy Environ Mater, 2023,
CrossRef Google scholar
[50]
Li J, Zhao XD, He PG, Liu YK, Jin JT, Shen QY, Wang Y, Li SW, Qu XH, Liu YC, Jiao LF. Stabilized multi-electron reactions in a high-energy Na4Mn0.9CrMg0.1(PO4)3 sodium-storage cathode enabled by the pinning effect. Small, 2022, 18: 2202879,
CrossRef Google scholar
[51]
Henkelman G, Uberuaga BP, Jónsson H. A climbing image nudged elastic band method for finding saddle points and minimum energy paths. J Chem Phys, 2000, 113: 9901,
CrossRef Google scholar
[52]
Chen F, Kovrugin VM, David R, Mentré O, Fauth F, Chotard JN, Masquelier C. A NASICON-type positive electrode for Na batteries with high energy density: Na4MnV(PO4)3. Small Methods, 2018, 3: 1800218,
CrossRef Google scholar
[53]
Zhao AL, Yuan TC, Li P, Liu CY, Cong HJ, Pu XJ, Chen ZX, Ai XP, Yang HX, Cao YL. A novel Fe-defect induced pure-phase Na4Fe2.91(PO4)2P2O7 cathode material with high capacity and ultra-long lifetime for low-cost sodium-ion batteries. Nano Energy, 2022, 91: 106680,
CrossRef Google scholar
[54]
Chen MZ, Hua WB, Xiao J, Cortie D, Chen WH, Wang EH, Hu Z, Gu QF, Wang XL, Indris S, Chou S-L, Dou S-X. NASICON-type air-stable and all-climate cathode for sodium-ion batteries with low cost and high-power density. Nat Commun, 2019, 10: 1480,
CrossRef Google scholar
[55]
Li HX, Xu M, Gao CH, Zhang W, Zhang ZA, Lai YQ, Jiao LF. Highly efficient, fast and reversible multi-electron reaction of Na3MnTi(PO4)3 cathode for sodium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater, 2020, 26: 325,
CrossRef Google scholar
[56]
Wang FF, Zhang N, Zhao XD, Wang LX, Zhang J, Wang TS, Liu FF, Liu YC, Fan LZ. Realizing a high-performance Na-storage cathode by tailoring ultrasmall Na2FePO4F nanoparticles with facilitated reaction kinetics. Adv Sci, 2019, 6: 1900649,
CrossRef Google scholar
[57]
Wang YY, Hou BH, Guo JZ, Ning QL, Pang WL, Wang JW, CL, Wu XL. An ultralong lifespan and low-temperature workable sodium-ion full battery for stationary energy storage. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8: 1703252,
CrossRef Google scholar
[58]
Ghosh S, Kumar VK, Kumar SK, Biswas S, Martha SK. An insight of sodium-ion storage, diffusivity into TiO2 nanoparticles and practical realization to sodium-ion full cell. Electrochim Acta, 2019, 316: 69,
CrossRef Google scholar
[59]
Tang LB, Zhang JH, Li Z, Liu XH, Xu QJ, Liu HM, Wang YG, Xia YY, Ma ZF. Using Na7V4(P2O7)4(PO4) with superior Na storage performance as bipolar electrodes to build a novel high-energy-density symmetric sodium-ion full battery. J Power Sources, 2020, 451,
CrossRef Google scholar
[60]
Ren WH, Yao XH, Niu CJ, Zheng ZP, Zhao KN, An QY, Wei QL, Yan MY, Zhang L, Mai LQ. Cathodic polarization suppressed sodium-ion full cell with a 3.3 V high-voltage. Nano Energy, 2016, 28: 216,
CrossRef Google scholar
[61]
Peng B, Sun ZH, Zhao LP, Li J, Zhang GQ. Dual-manipulation on P2-Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 layered cathode toward sodium-ion full cell with record operating voltage beyond 35 V. Energy Storage Mater., 2021, 35: 620,
CrossRef Google scholar
[62]
Zhou Y, Shao XJ, Lam K, Zheng Y, Zhao LZ, Wang KD, Zhao JZ, Chen FM, Hou XH. Symmetric sodium-ion battery based on dual-electron reactions of NASICON-structured Na3MnTi(PO4)3 material. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12: 30328,
CrossRef Google scholar
[63]
Hu HY, Xiao Y, Ling W, Wu YB, Wang P, Tan SJ, Xu YS, Guo YJ, Chen WP, Tang RR, Zeng XX, Yin YX, Wu XW. A stable biomass-derived hard carbon anode for high-performance sodium-ion full battery. Energy Technol, 2020, 9: 2000730,
CrossRef Google scholar
[64]
Rui XH, Zhang XH, Xu ST, Tan HT, Jiang Y, Gan LY, Feng YZ, Li CC, Yu Y. A low-temperature sodium-ion full battery: superb kinetics and cycling stability. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 31: 2009458,
CrossRef Google scholar
[65]
Chen CC, Li TJ, Tian H, Zou YB, Sun JC. Building highly stable and industrial NaVPO4F/C as bipolar electrodes for high-rate symmetric rechargeable sodium-ion full batteries. J Mater Chem A, 2019, 7: 18451,
CrossRef Google scholar
[66]
Wang HB, Xiao YZ, Sun C, Lai C, Ai XP. A type of sodium-ion full-cell with a layered NaNi0.5Ti0.5O2 cathode and a pre-sodiated hard carbon anode. RSC Adv, 2015, 5: 106519,
CrossRef Google scholar
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52102295); Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021A1515110059); Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Provincial(2023AFB999); Hainan Provincial Joint Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City(520LH055); Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park of Wuhan University of Technology(2021KF0019)

Accesses

Citations

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/