Research progress on Trichoderma in alleviating continuous cropping obstacles: Pathogen suppression, microbiome modulation, and autotoxic substance degradation

Abstract

Continuous cropping obstacles severely limit the sustainable development of global agriculture, creating an urgent need for broad-spectrum, efficient, and environmentally friendly biocontrol technologies. As the most extensively studied biocontrol fungi, Trichoderma exhibits notable advantages, including strong environmental adaptability and diverse biocontrol mechanisms. Unlike previous reviews that primarily focused on individual biocontrol mechanisms or plant disease suppression, this review integrates three major pathways through which Trichoderma alleviates continuous cropping obstacles: suppression of pathogenic fungi, modulation of the rhizosphere microbiome, and degradation of phenolic autotoxic substances. The biological characteristics and biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma are systematically summarized, including hyperparasitism, secretion of antimicrobial metabolites, competition for nutrients and space, and plant growth-promoting mechanisms via induction of systemic resistance through both ISR (induced systemic resistance) and SAR (systemic acquired resistance) pathways. More importantly, Trichoderma can secrete specific metabolites to reshape the rhizosphere microbiome, enrich beneficial microbial communities, and form synergistic disease suppression effects, with biocontrol efficiencies reaching 50%–80%. Certain strains also achieve degradation rates of phenolic autotoxic substances exceeding 80%. Based on these insights, future research should focus on the molecular mechanisms of Trichoderma biocontrol, multi-omics approaches, and the development of efficient composite microbial products, providing scientific support for sustainable agriculture and strategies to reduce chemical inputs while enhancing efficacy.

Keywords

Trichoderma / Continuous cropping obstacles / Beneficial microbes / Synergistic disease suppression / Autotoxic substances / Degradation

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