Microplastics in pelagic and demersal fishes from the Meghna River estuary, Bangladesh

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) were investigated in four fish species viz., paradise threadfin (Polynemus paradiseus), corsula mullet (Rhinomugil corsula), flathead sillago (Sillaginopsis panijus) and king gobyeel (Taenioides sandwipi), which were collected from the Meghna River estuary in Bangladesh. The gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) of fishes (n = 80 in total) were examined for the presence of MPs following alkali digestion, microscopic observation and μ-FTIR analysis. A total of 573 MPs were detected across all four fish species, indicating the presence of MPs in 81.3% of the fish samples. On average, there were 7.16 ± 4.33 MP items/fish, 2.16 ± 1.76 items/g of GIT and 0.15 ± 0.12 items/g of body weight. Polyethylene, polypropylene and nylon were the most abundant polymers, comprising 47%, 23% and 19%, respectively, according to μ-FTIR analysis. The majority of MPs were fibers (62.48%), with white being the dominant color. R. corsula demonstrated the highest number of MPs in the < 500 μm size range, suggesting that smaller particles are more bio-available to pelagic fish. The findings confirm the contamination of the Meghna River estuary by MPs, and their presence in local fish raises concerns about potential public health risks through the food chain.

References

[1] Abayomi OA, Range P, Al-ghouti MA, Obbard JP, Almeer HS, Ben-hamadou R. Microplastics in coastal environments of the Arabian Gulf. Mar Pollut Bull, 2017, 124: 181-188

[2] Al-Salem SM, Uddin S, Lyons B. Evidence of microplastics (MP) in gut content of major consumed marine fish species in the State of Kuwait (of the Arabian/Persian Gulf). Mar Pollut Bull, 2020, 154 111052

[3] Arshad N, Alam MM, Su’ud, M.B.M., Imran, S., Siddiqui, T., Saleem, K., Bashir, A., Batool, A., . Microplastic contamination from surface waters and commercially valuable fishes of Karachi Coast. Pakistan Reg Stud Mar Sci, 2023, 62 102955

[4] Avio CG, Gorbi S, Regoli F. Experimental development of a new protocol for extraction and characterization of microplastics in fish tissues: first observations in commercial species from Adriatic Sea. Mar Environ Res, 2015, 111: 18-26

[5] Barboza LGA, Vethaak AD, Lavorante BR, Lundebye AK, Guilhermino L. Marine microplastic debris: An emerging issue for food security, food safety and human health. Mar Pollut Bull, 2018, 133: 336-348

[6] Barboza LGA, Lopes C, Oliveira P, Bessa F, Otero V, Henriques B, Guilhermino L. Microplastics in wild fish from North East Atlantic Ocean and its potential for causing neurotoxic effects, lipid oxidative damage, and human health risks associated with ingestion exposure. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 717 134625

[7] Barrows APW, Cathey SE, Petersen CW. Marine environment micro fiber contamination: global patterns and the diversity of microparticle origins. Environ Pollut, 2018, 237: 275-284

[8] Berner U, Poggenburg J, Faber E, Quadfasel D, Frische A. Methane in ocean waters of the Bay of Bengal: its sources and exchange with the atmosphere. Deep-Sea Res II, 2003, 50: 925-950

[9] Bessa F, Barría P, Neto JM, Frias JPGL, Otero V, Sobral P. Occurrence of microplastics in commercial fish from a natural estuarine environment. Mar Pollut Bull, 2018, 128: 575-584

[10] Bogdanowicz A, Zubrowska-Sudol M, Krasinski A, Sudol M. Cross-Contamination as a Problem in Collection and Analysis of Environmental Samples Containing Microplastics - A Review. Sustainability, 2021, 13(21): 12123

[11] Browne MA, Crump P, Niven SJ, Teuten E, Tonkin A, Galloway TS, Thompson RC. Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines worldwide: sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol, 2011, 45(21): 9175-9179

[12] Carrington, D., 2022. Microplastics found in human blood for first time. The Guardian environment editor, 24 Mar 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/mar/24/.

[13] Chamas A, Moon H, Zheng J, Qiu Y, Tabassum T, Jang JH, Abu-Omar M, Scott SL, Suh S. Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment. ACS Sustainable Che & Engr, 2020, 8(9): 3494-3511

[14] Cheung PK, Cheung LTO, Fok L. Seasonal variation in the abundance of marine plastic debris in the estuary of a subtropical macro-scale drainage basin in South China. Sci Total Environ, 2016, 562: 658-665

[15] Chowdhury GW, Koldewey HJ, Duncan E, Napper IE, Niloy MNH, Nelms SE, Sarker S, Bhola S, Nishat B. Plastic pollution in aquatic systems in Bangladesh: A review of current knowledge. Sci Total Environ, 2021, 761 143285

[16] Chubarenko I, Bagaev A, Zobkov M, Esiukova E. On some physical and dynamical properties of microplastic particles in marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull, 2016, 108(1–2): 105-112

[17] Cole M, Lindeque PK, Fileman ES, Halsband C, Goodhead R, Moger J, Galloway TS. Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton. Environ Sci Technol, 2013, 47: 6646-6655

[18] Crawford CB, Quinn B. Microplastic Pollutants, 2017, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Elsevier 320

[19] De Sales-Ribeiro C, Brito-Casillas Y, Fernandez A, Caballero MJ. An end to the controversy over the microscopic detection and effects of pristine microplastics in fish organs. Sci Rep, 2020, 20: 12432

[20] Feng Z, Zhang T, Shi H, Gao K, Huang W, Xu J, Wang J, Wang R, Li JI, Gao G. Microplastics in bloom-forming macroalgae: Distribution, characteristics and impacts. J Hazard Mater, 2020, 397 122752

[21] DoF, 2022. Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics of Bangladesh, 202–0–21. Fisheries Resources Survey System (FRSS), Department of Fisheries (DoF), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, Volume 38, 138 p.

[22] Ferdous SR, Amin A, Hasan J, Alam MS, Shahjahan M. Prevalence of microplastics in commonly consumed fish species of the river Old Brahmaputra. Bangladesh Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2023, 30(33): 1614-7499

[23] Ferreira GVB, Barletta M, Lima ARA, Morley SA, Justino AKS, Costa MF. High intake rates of microplastics in a Western Atlantic predatory fish, and insights of a direct fishery effect. Environ Pollut, 2018, 236: 706-717

[24] Fischer W, Whitehead PJP. (eds.) (1974) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Indian Ocean (fishing area 57) and Western Central Pacific (fishing area 71). Vol. 1–4, FAO, Rome. Available from: https://www.fao.org/4/e9163e/e9163e00.htm. Accessed 25 Sept 2023

[25] Fischer W, Bianchi G, (eds.) (1984) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean; (Fishing Area 51). Prepared and printed with the support of the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA). Vol 1- 6, FAO, Rome. Available from: https://www.fao.org/4/ad468e/ad468e00.htm. Accessed 25 Sept 2023

[26] Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W.N., Fong, J.D., 2020. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera/Species by Family/Subfamily. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA. Available from http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp.

[27] Friedman ST, Price SA, Corn KA, Larouche O, Martinez CM, Wainwright PC. Body shape diversification along the benthic–pelagic axis in marine fishes. Proc R Soc B, 2020, 287(1931): 20201053

[28] Galloway, T.S., Cole, M., Lewis, C., 2017. Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1 (5), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0116

[29] Guilhermino L, Martins A, Lopes C, Raimundo J, Vieira LR, Barboza LGA, Vale C. Microplastics in fishes from an estuary (Minho River) ending into the NE Atlantic Ocean. Mar Pollut Bull, 2021, 173 113008

[30] Haque MR, Ali MM, Ahmed W, Siddique MAB, Akbor MA, Islam MS, Rahman MM. Assessment of microplastics pollution in aquatic species (fish, crab, and snail), water, and sediment from the Buriganga River, Bangladesh: An ecological risk appraisals. Sci Total Environ., 2023, 857(Part 1): 159344

[31] Hartline NL, Bruce NJ, Karba SN, Ruff EO, Sonar SU, Holden PA. Microfiber masses recovered from conventional machine washing of new or aged garments. Environ Sci Technol, 2016, 50(21): 11532-11538

[32] Hasan J, Islam SM, Alam MS, Johnson D, Belton B, Hossain MAR, Shahjahan M. Presence of microplastics in two common dried marine fish species from Bangladesh. Mar Pollut Bull, 2022, 176 113430

[33] Hastuti AR, Lumbanbatu DTF, Wardiatno Y. The presence of microplastics in the digestive tract of commercial fishes of pantai indah kapuk coast, Jakarta. Indonesia Biodiversitas J Biological Diversity, 2019, 20(5): 1233-1242

[34] Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson RC, Thiel M. Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environ Sci Technol, 2012, 46(6): 3060-3075

[35] Hossain MS (2013) An Illustrated Guide to Fishes of Noakhali. (1st Edition. Centre for Coast, Climate and Community (Tetra-C), Chittagong, Bangladesh, 276 pp + 32 colour plates

[36] Hossain MS, Das NG, Sarker S, Rahaman MZ. Fish diversity and habitat relationship with environmental variables at Meghna river estuary. Bangladesh Egyptian J Aquat Res, 2012, 38: 213-226

[37] Hossain MS, Sobhan F, Uddin MN, Sharifuzzaman SM, Chowdhury SR, Sarker S, Chowdhury MSN. Microplastics in fishes from the Northern Bay of Bengal. Sci Total Environ, 2019, 690: 821-830

[38] Hossain MS, Rahman MS, Uddin MN, Sharifuzzaman SM, Chowdhury SR, Sarker S, Chowdhury MSN. Microplastic contamination in Penaeid shrimp from the Northern Bay of Bengal. Chemosphere, 2020, 238 124688

[39] Hossain MS, Chowdhury SR, Sharifuzzaman SM, Islam MM, Haque MA, Hasan J, Ali MZ, Hoq ME, Mahmud Y. Marine Fishes of Bangladesh, 2020, Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute and Institute of Marine Science, University of Chittagong 512

[40] Hossain MJ, AftabUddin S, Akhter F, Nusrat N, Rahaman A, Sikder MNA, Monwar MM, Chowdhury MSN, Jiang S, Shi H, Zhang J. Surface water, sediment, and biota: The first multi-compartment analysis of microplastics in the Karnafully River. Bangladesh Mar Pollut Bull, 2022, 180 113820

[41] Hosseinpour A, Chamani A, Mirzaei R, Mohebbi-nozar SL. Occurrence, abundance and characteristics of microplastics in some commercial fish of northern coasts of the Persian Gulf. Mar Pollut Bull, 2021, 171 112693

[42] Jabeen K, Su L, Li J, Yang D, Tong C, Mu J, Shi H. Microplastics and mesoplastics in fish from coastal and fresh waters of China. Environ Pollut, 2017, 221: 141-149

[43] James K, Vasant K, Padua S, Gopinath V, Abilash KS, Jeyabaskaran R, Babu A, John S. An assessment of microplastics in the ecosystem and selected commercially important fishes off Kochi, south eastern Arabian Sea. India Mar Pollut Bull, 2020, 154 111027

[44] Juanes, F., Buckel, J.A., Scharf, F.S., 2002. Feeding Ecology of Piscivorous Fishes. In Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries, Volume 1 (eds. Hart, P.J.B., Reynolds, J.D.) 267–283 (Blackwell Publishing Ltd.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470693803.ch12.

[45] Kardong KV. Vertebrates Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution, 2009 5 New York, McGraw-Hill

[46] Karlsson TM, Vethaak AD, Almroth BC, Ariese F, van Velzen M, Hassellöv M, Leslie HA. Screening for microplastics in sediment, water, marine invertebrates and fish: method development and microplastic accumulation. Mar Pollut Bull, 2017, 122(1–2): 403-408

[47] Karuppasamy PK, Ravi A, Vasudevan L, Elangovan PM, Dyana MP, Salom GTV, Palanisami T. Baseline survey of micro and mesoplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of commercial fish from Southeast coast of the Bay of Bengal. Mar Pollut Bull, 2020, 153 110974

[48] Khalik WMAWM, Ibrahim YS, Anuar ST, Govindasamy S, Baharuddin NF. Microplastics analysis in Malaysian marine waters: a field study of Kuala Nerus and Kuantan. Mar Pollut Bull, 2018, 135: 451-457

[49] Khan HMS, Setu S. Microplastic Ingestion by Fishes from Jamuna River. Bangladesh Environ Nat Res J, 2022, 20(2): 157-167

[50] Khan FR, Shashoua Y, Crawford A, Drury A, Sheppard K, Stewart K, Sculthorp T. ‘The plastic Nile’: First evidence of microplastic contamination in fish from the Nile River (Cairo, Egypt). Toxics, 2020, 8(2): 22

[51] Khan MB, Urmy SY, Setu S, Kanta AH, Gautam S, Eti SA, Rahman MM, Sultana N, Mahmud S, Baten MA. Abundance, distribution and composition of microplastics in sediment and fish species from an Urban River of Bangladesh. Sci Total Environ, 2023, 885 163876

[52] Kobayashi T, Yagi M, Kawaguchi T, Hata T, Shimizu K. Spatiotemporal variations of surface water microplastics near Kyushu, Japan: A quali-quantitative analysis. Mar Pollut Bull, 2021, 169 112563

[53] Koongolla JB, Lin L, Pan YF, Yang CP, Sun DR, Liu S, Xu XR, Maharana D, Huang JS, Li HX. Occurrence of microplastics in gastrointestinal tracts and gills of fish from Beibu Gulf. South China Sea Environ Pollut, 2020, 258 113734

[54] Kozioł A, Paso KG, Kuciel S. Properties and Recyclability of Abandoned Fishing Net-Based Plastic Debris. Catalysts, 2022, 12: 948

[55] Kukulka T, Proskurowski G, Morét-Ferguson S, Meyer DW, Law KL. The effect of wind mixing on the vertical distribution of buoyant plastic debris. Geophysics Resolution Letter, 2012, 39: L07601

[56] Lazzaro X. A review of planktivorous fishes: Their evolution, feeding behaviours, selectivities, and impacts. Hydrobiologia, 1987, 146: 97-167

[57] Lebreton L, Slat B, Ferrari F, Sainte-Rose B, Aitken J, Marthouse R, Hajbane S, Cunsolo S, Schwarz A, Levivier A, et al.. Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Sci Rep, 2018, 8: 4666

[58] Lefebvre C, Saraux C, Heitz O, Nowaczyk A, Bonnet D. Microplastics FTIR characterisation and distribution in the water column and digestive tracts of small pelagic fish in the Gulf of Lions. Mar Pollut Bull, 2019, 142: 510-519

[59] Li J, Qu X, Su L, Zhang W, Yang D, Kolandhasamy P, Shi H. Microplastics in mussels along the coastal waters of China. Environ Pollut, 2016, 214: 177-184

[60] Lusher AL, Mchugh M, Thompson RC. Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of pelagic and demersal fish from the English Channel. Mar Pollut Bull, 2013, 67(1–2): 94-99

[61] Morét-Ferguson S, Law KL, Proskurowski G, Murphy EK, Peacock EE, Reddy CM. The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Mar Pollut Bull, 2010, 60: 1873-1878

[62] Napper IE, Baroth A, Barrett AC, Bhola S, Chowdhury GW, Davies BFR, Duncan EM, Kumar S, Nelms SE, Niloy MNH, Nishat B, Maddalene T, Thompson RC, Koldewey H. The abundance and characteristics of microplastics in surface water in the transboundary Ganges River. Environ Pollut, 2021, 274 116348

[63] Nawar N, Rahman MM, Chowdhury FN, Marzia S, Ali MM, Akbor MA, Siddique MAB, Khatun MA, Shahjalal M, Huque R, Malafaia G. Characterization of microplastic pollution in the Pasur River of the Sundarbans ecosystem (Bangladesh) with emphasis on water, sediments, and fish. Sci Total Environ, 2023, 868 161704

[64] Nelms SE, Duncan EM, Patel S, Badola R, Bhola S, Chakma S, Chowdhury GW, et al.. Riverine plastic pollution from fisheries: Insights from the Ganges River system. Sci Total Environ, 2021, 756 143305

[65] Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MV. Fishes of the World, 2016 John Wiley & Sons

[66] O’Connor D, Pan S, Shen Z, Song Y, Jin Y, Wu WM, Hou D. Microplastics undergo accelerated vertical migration in sand soil due to small size and wet-dry cycles. Environ Pollut, 2019, 249: 527-534

[67] Ory NC, Sobral P, Ferreira JL, Thiel M. Amberstripe scad Decapterus muroadsi (Carangidae) fish ingest blue microplastics resembling their copepod prey along the coast of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in the South Pacific subtropical gyre. Sci Total Environ, 2017, 586: 430-437

[68] Pappoe C, Palm LMND, Denutsui D, Boateng CM, Danso-Abbeam H, Serfor-Armah Y. Occurrence of microplastics in gastrointestinal tract of fish from the Gulf of Guinea. Ghana Mar Pollut Bull, 2022, 182 113955

[69] Park TJ, Lee SH, Lee MS, Lee JK, Lee SH, Zoh KD. Occurrence of microplastics in the Han River and riverine fish in South Korea. Sci Total Environ, 2019, 708(1–2) 134535

[70] Parker B, Andreou D, Green ID, Britton JR. Microplastics in freshwater fishes: Occurrence, impacts and future perspectives. Fish and Fish, 2021, 22: 467-488

[71] Parvin F, Jannat S, Tareq SM. Abundance, characteristics and variation of microplastics in different freshwater fish species from Bangladesh. Sci Total Environ, 2021, 784 147137

[72] Phillips MB, Bonner TH. Occurrence and amount of microplastic ingested by fishes in watersheds of the Gulf of Mexico. Mar Pollut Bull, 2015, 100(1): 264-269

[73] Piskuła P, Astel AM. Microplastics in Commercial Fishes and By-Catch from Selected FAO Major Fishing Areas of the Southern Baltic Sea. Animals, 2023, 13(3): 458

[74] Prata JC, da Costa JP, Girão AV, Lopes I, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T. Identifying a quick and efficient method of removing organic matter without damaging microplastic samples. Sci Total Environ, 2019, 686: 131-139

[75] Prata JC, da Costa JP, Lopes I, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T. Environmental exposure to microplastics: An overview on possible human health effects. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 702 134455

[76] Prokić MD, Radovanović TB, Gavrić JP, Faggio C. Ecotoxicological effects of microplatics: biomarkers of response, current state and future perspective. Trends Anal Chem, 2019, 111: 37-46

[77] Reisser J, Slat B, Noble K, du Plessis K, Epp M, Proietti M, de Sonneville J, Becker T, Pattiaratchi C. The vertical distribution of buoyant plastics at sea: an observational study in the North Atlantic Gyre. Biogeosciences, 2015, 12: 1249-1256

[78] Roch S, Friedrich C, Brinker A. Uptake routes of microplastics in fishes: practical and theoretical approaches to test existing theories. Sci Rep, 2020, 10: 3896

[79] Rummel CD, Löder MG, Fricke NF, Lang T, Griebeler EM, Janke M, Gerdts G. Plastic ingestion by pelagic and demersal fish from the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Mar Pollut Bull, 2016, 102(1): 134-141

[80] Sarker S, Huda AS, Niloy MNH, Chowdhury GW (2022) Trophic transfer of microplastics in the aquatic ecosystem of Sundarbans mangrove forest, Bangladesh. Sci Total Environ 838:155896

[81] Savoca S, Capillo G, Mancuso M, Bottari T, Crupi R, Branca C, Spanò N. Microplastics occurrence in the Tyrrhenian waters and in the gastrointestinal tract of two congener species of seabreams. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2019, 67: 35-41

[82] Scacco U, Mancini E, Marcucci F, Tiralongo F. Microplastics in the Deep: Comparing Dietary and Plastic Ingestion Data between Two Mediterranean Bathyal Opportunistic Feeder Species, Galeus melastomus, Rafinesque, 1810 and Coelorinchus caelorhincus (Risso, 1810), through Stomach Content Analysis. J Mar Sci Engr, 2022, 10(5): 624

[83] Setälä O, Fleming-Lehtinen V, Lehtiniemi M. Ingestion and transfer of microplastics in the planktonic food web. Environ Pollut, 2014, 185: 77-83

[84] Siddique MAM, Uddin A, Rahman SMA, Rahman M, Islam MS, Kibria G. Microplastics in an anadromous national fish, Hilsa shad Tenualosa ilisha from the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh Mar Pollut Bull, 2022, 174 113236

[85] Silva-Cavalcanti JS, Silva JDB, de França EJ, de Araújo MCB, Gusmao F. Microplastics ingestion by a common tropical freshwater fishing resource. Environ Pollut, 2017, 221: 218-226

[86] Simon-Sánchez L, Grelaud M, Garcia-Orellana J, Ziveri P. River deltas as hotspots of microplastic accumulation: The case study of the Ebro River (NW Mediterranean). Sci Total Environ, 2019, 687: 1186-1196

[87] Slootmaekers B, Carteny CC, Belpaire C, Saverwyns S, Fremout W, Blust R, Bervoets L. Microplastic contamination in gudgeons (Gobio gobio) from Flemish rivers (Belgium). Environ Pollut, 2019, 244: 675-684

[88] Sparks C, Immelman S. Microplastics in off shore fish from the Agulhas Bank. South Africa Mar Pollut Bull, 2020, 156 111216

[89] Sultana N, Tista RR, Islam MS, Begum M, Islam S, Naser MN. Microplastics in freshwater wild and farmed fish species of Bangladesh. Environ Sci Poll Res, 2023, 30: 72009-72025

[90] Suwartiningsih N, Setyowati I, Astuti R. Microplastics in pelagic and demersal fishes of pantai baron, Yogyakarta. Indonesia J Biodjati, 2020, 5(1): 33-49

[91] Takeda, D., 2018. Ocular and Stage Micrometers. http://www.canyons.edu/Faculty/takedad/ Pages/Ocular-and-Stage-Micrometers.aspx. Accessed date: Jan 31 2019

[92] Tanaka K, Takada H. Microplastic fragments and microbeads in digestive tracts of planktivorous fish from urban coastal waters. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 34351

[93] Varkey MJ, Murty VSN, Suryanarayana A. Physical oceanography of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev, 1996, 34: 1-70

[94] Vethaak AD, Legler J. Microplastics and human health. Science, 2021, 371(6530): 672-674

[95] Walkinshaw C, Lindeque PK, Thompson R, Tolhurst T, Cole M. Microplastics and seafood: lower trophic organisms at highest risk of contamination. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2020, 190 110066

[96] Wang Q, Zhu X, Hou C, Wu Y, Teng J, Zhang C, Tan H, Shan E, Zhang W, Zhao J. Microplastic uptake in commercial fishes from the Bohai Sea. China Chemosphere, 2021, 263 127962

[97] Ward JE, Rosa M, Shumway SE. Capture, ingestion, and egestion of microplastics by suspension-feeding bivalves: A 40-year history. Anthropocene Coasts, 2019, 2: 39-49

[98] Wei L, Wang D, Aierken R, Wu F, Dai Y, Wang., X., Zhen, Y., . The prevalence and potential implications of microplastic contamination in marine fishes from Xiamen Bay. China Mar Pollut Bull, 2022, 174 113306

[99] Yagi M, Kobayashi T, Maruyama Y, Hoshina S, Masumi S, Aizawa I, Shimizu K. Microplastic pollution of commercial fishes from coastal and offshore waters in southwestern Japan. Mar Pollut Bull, 2022, 174 113304

[100] Yuan W, Liu X, Wang W, Di M, Wang J. Microplastic abundance, distribution and composition in water, sediments, and wild fish from Poyang Lake. China Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2019, 170: 180-187

[101] Zhao S, Zhu L, Wang T, Li D. Suspended microplastics in the surface water of the Yangtze Estuary System, China: first observations on occurrence, distribution. Mar Pollut Bull Mar Pollut Bull, 2014, 86(1–2): 562-568

[102] Zhou Q, Zhang H, Fu C, Zhou Y, Dai Z, Li Y, Tu C, Luo Y. The distribution and morphology of microplastics in coastal soils adjacent to the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Geoderma, 2018, 322: 201-208

[103] Zhu J, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Jiang Y, Li J, Michal JJ, Lan W. Long-term trends of microplastics in seawater and farmed oysters in the Maowei Sea. China Environ Pollut, 2021, 273 116450

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

The Author(s)