Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker Profile in Atypical Alzheimer’s Disease
Elisa Martínez Campos , Paula Tellechea Aramburo , Javier Sánchez Ruiz de Gordoa , Rosa Larumbe Ilundain
Revista de Neurología ›› 2025, Vol. 80 ›› Issue (4) : 36399
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are essential for the early identification of non-amnestic phenotypes. Increased levels of total tau (t-tau) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) have been reported in atypical AD cases, although the specific pattern remains a subject of debate. This study aimed to evaluate CSF biomarker profiles in relation to clinical phenotype.
A retrospective review was performed, analyzing demographic data, time to diagnosis, clinical phenotype, and core AD biomarkers (beta-amyloid peptide 1-42 (Aβ1-42), t-tau, p-tau) in CSF from patients evaluated at University Hospital in Navarra between 2019 and 2022.
The study included 57 patients (54% female, mean age 67 years), of whom 41 met AD diagnostic criteria. Among these, 10 patients (25%) presented with atypical phenotypes (50% aphasic, 30% frontal, 20% mixed non-amnestic). Compared with the amnestic phenotype, the atypical group exhibited significantly higher t-tau (562.9 pg/mL vs 320.3 pg/mL, p = 0.021) and p-tau (81.5 pg/mL vs 37.7 pg/mL, p = 0.016) levels, independent of age, sex, and time to diagnosis.
Atypical cases demonstrated increased tau levels, suggesting earlier and more extensive cortical damage than the amnestic phenotype. These findings underscore the significance of CSF biomarkers in phenotypic differentiation, disease course prediction, and individualized treatment strategies for AD.
demencia tipo Alzheimer / líquido cefalorraquídeo / proteína tau / Enfermedad de Alzheimer de inicio focal / afasia primaria progresiva / Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) / cerebrospinal fluid / tau proteins / Alzheimer’s disease, early onset / aphasia, primary progressive
| [1] |
Bloom GS. Amyloid-β and tau: the trigger and bullet in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. JAMA Neurology. 2014; 71: 505–508. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5847. |
| [2] |
Jones D, Pelak V, Rogalski E. Atypical Presentations of Alzheimer Disease. Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.). 2024; 30: 1614–1641. https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000001504. |
| [3] |
Ossenkoppele R, Schonhaut DR, Schöll M, Lockhart SN, Ayakta N, Baker SL, et al. Tau PET patterns mirror clinical and neuroanatomical variability in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain: a Journal of Neurology. 2016; 139: 1551–1567. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aww027. |
| [4] |
Jellinger KA. Recent update on the heterogeneity of the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum. Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria: 1996). 2022; 129: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-021-02449-2. |
| [5] |
Jack CR, Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K, Carrillo MC, Dunn B, Haeberlein SB, et al. NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: the Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association. 2018; 14: 535–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018. |
| [6] |
Xie L, Das SR, Wisse LEM, Ittyerah R, de Flores R, Shaw LM, et al. Baseline structural MRI and plasma biomarkers predict longitudinal structural atrophy and cognitive decline in early Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy. 2023; 15: 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-023-01210-z. |
| [7] |
Sarazin M, Lagarde J, Bottlaender M. Distinct tau PET imaging patterns in typical and atypical Alzheimer’s disease. Brain: a Journal of Neurology. 2016; 139: 1321–1324. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aww041. |
| [8] |
Paterson RW, Toombs J, Slattery CF, Nicholas JM, Andreasson U, Magdalinou NK, et al. Dissecting IWG-2 typical and atypical Alzheimer’s disease: insights from cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Journal of Neurology. 2015; 262: 2722–2730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-015-7904-3. |
| [9] |
Ossenkoppele R, Mattsson N, Teunissen CE, Barkhof F, Pijnenburg Y, Scheltens P, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and cerebral atrophy in distinct clinical variants of probable Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging. 2015; 36: 2340–2347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.04.011. |
| [10] |
Wellington H, Paterson RW, Suárez-González A, Poole T, Frost C, Sjöbom U, et al. CSF neurogranin or tau distinguish typical and atypical Alzheimer disease. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. 2018; 5: 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.518. |
| [11] |
Paraskevas GP, Constantinides VC, Boufidou F, Tsantzali I, Pyrgelis ES, Liakakis G, et al. Recognizing Atypical Presentations of Alzheimer’s Disease: The Importance of CSF Biomarkers in Clinical Practice. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland). 2022; 12: 3011. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123011. |
| [12] |
Pillai JA, Bonner-Jackson A, Bekris LM, Safar J, Bena J, Leverenz JB. Highly Elevated Cerebrospinal Fluid Total Tau Level Reflects Higher Likelihood of Non-Amnestic Subtype of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2020. Available at: https://www.j-alz.com/manuscript-disclosures/19-0519 (Accessed: 16 May 2023). |
| [13] |
Murray ME, Graff-Radford NR, Ross OA, Petersen RC, Duara R, Dickson DW. Neuropathologically defined subtypes of Alzheimer’s disease with distinct clinical characteristics: a retrospective study. The Lancet. Neurology. 2011; 10: 785–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70156-9. |
| [14] |
Graff-Radford J, Yong KXX, Apostolova LG, Bouwman FH, Carrillo M, Dickerson BC, et al. New insights into atypical Alzheimer’s disease in the era of biomarkers. The Lancet. Neurology. 2021; 20: 222–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30440-3. |
| [15] |
Sintini I, Graff-Radford J, Senjem ML, Schwarz CG, Machulda MM, Martin PR, et al. Longitudinal neuroimaging biomarkers differ across Alzheimer’s disease phenotypes. Brain: a Journal of Neurology. 2020; 143: 2281–2294. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa155. |
| [16] |
Sintini I, Martin PR, Graff-Radford J, Senjem ML, Schwarz CG, Machulda MM, et al. Longitudinal tau-PET uptake and atrophy in atypical Alzheimer’s disease. NeuroImage. Clinical. 2019; 23: 101823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101823. |
| [17] |
Sintini I, Graff-Radford J, Schwarz CG, Machulda MM, Singh NA, Carlos AF, et al. Longitudinal rates of atrophy and tau accumulation differ between the visual and language variants of atypical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: the Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association. 2023; 19: 4396–4406. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13396. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |