Diagnosis of premalignancies and malignant neoplasms of the oral mucosa

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Premalignancies and malignant neoplasms of the oral mucosa remain a significant issue. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa is one of the top ten most prevalent cancers globally. It is characterized by delayed detection and an unfavorable prognosis, with a fatal outcome in 11.72% of cases per 100,000 males and in 2.6% of cases per 100,000 females in Russia. The incidence of this condition increases annually, which is directly associated with the prevalence of risk factors. Despite the high prevalence confirmed by numerous studies, the disease is typically detected at advanced stages, resulting in a significant deterioration in health and quality of life. However, early diagnosis of premalignancies and malignant neoplasms of the oral mucosa increases the likelihood of a favorable outcome.

AIM: To review Russian and international literature and assess the specifics of diagnosing premalignancies and malignant neoplasms of the oral mucosa.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The literature search was performed in PubMed, Cyberleninka, oooojournal, SemanticScholar, MDPI, and NEJM for the period between 2015 and 2022.

RESULTS: There are several approaches to diagnosing oral mucosal diseases, including oral examination, pathomorphological examination, and autofluorescence. Histopathological and cytological examinations are considered the most effective, while autofluorescence is noninvasive and well-tolerated by patients. However, despite the convenience of autofluorescence stomatoscopy compared to pathomorphological diagnosis procedures, this technique may only be used in addition to clinical examination findings and to establish indications for biopsy or cytological sampling. This is due to the fact that the technique has low specificity and is heavily dependent on compliance with the examination protocol and interpretation of the results.

CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis of premalignancies and malignant neoplasms of the oral mucosa is an urgent concern. Cancers of the oral mucosa are among the most prevalent and difficult to diagnose due to non-specific clinical symptoms, which frequently evade detection by dentists. Low cancer alertness and awareness of patients, which causes delayed healthcare seeking, is also a major concern.

Keywords

diagnostic techniques / premalignancies and malignant neoplasms of the oral mucosa / cancer alertness

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