Prevention and correction of micronutrient deficiencies. What do we know about it?

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Micronutrient deficiencies, including deficiencies of vitamins and microelements, are a major public health concern worldwide. They are highly prevalent, particularly in developing countries, and have significant health consequences, including anemia, impaired immune function, cognitive impairment, and growth retardation. Micronutrient deficiencies can also contribute to the development of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Micronutrient deficiencies can also contribute to the development of chronic diseases.

AIM: To study the knowledge, interest and motivation of different population groups regarding vitamin and micronutrient intake.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The original questionnaire with 45 questions was completed by 344 respondents: 141 (41%) without medical education, 91 (25.4%) with higher medical education, 112 (32.6%) by students of medical unvesities.

RESULTS: Only 100 (29.4%) respondents considered their nutrition balanced. 180 (52.3%) people did not consume vegetables and fruits on a daily basis, 82 (23.3%) respondents almost never consumed fish and seafood. Almost all respondents [335 (97.4%)] took some vitamin and mineral complex at least in one of the periods of their life, 284 (82.6%) — did it without a doctor’s prescription. Female respondents demonstrated a higher level of knowledge about the problem under study: 115 (41.9%) women and only 17 (24.2%) men had checked vitamin D levels (p = 0.006), while 187 (68.2%) women and only 33 (47.1%) men had taken vitamin D (p = 0.006). Those receiving/having higher medical education were more likely to take vitamin D (4.4 times), vitamin B₆ (3.8 times), selenium (3 times), and zinc (2.8 times) than non-medical respondents.

CONCLUSIONS: The nature of nutrition indicates potential risks of micronutrient imbalance in the respondents. Knowledge about the problem of micronutrient imbalances among the study participants is not systematized. Men and people without medical education have less knowledge on this topic and are less likely to take various micronutrients.

Keywords

micronutrients / vitamins / trace elements / deficiency / insufficiency / prevention / therapy / lifestyle / nutrition

References

[1] Shikh EV. The role of vitamin complexes in the prevention and treatment of diseases of internal organs. Russian medical journal. 2007;15(5):369–374. EDN: VDYGTL

[2] Ших Е.В. Роль витаминных комплексов в профилактике и лечении заболеваний внутренних органов // РМЖ. 2007. Т. 15, № 5. С. 369–374. EDN: VDYGTL

[3] Berger MM, Shenkin A, Schweinlin A, et al. ESPEN micronutrient guideline. Clin Nutr. 2022;41(6):1357–1424. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.015

[4] Berger M.M., Shenkin A., Schweinlin A., et al. ESPEN micronutrient guideline // Clin Nutr. 2022. Vol. 41, N. 6. P. 1357–1424. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.015

[5] Businge CB, Musarurwa HT, Longo-Mbenza B, Kengne AP. The prevalence of insufficient iodine intake in pregnancy in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2022;11(1):231. doi: 10.1186/s13643-022-02072-6

[6] Businge C.B., Musarurwa H.T., Longo-Mbenza B., Kengne A.P. The prevalence of insufficient iodine intake in pregnancy in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis // Syst Rev. 2022. Vol. 11, N. 1. P. 231. doi: 10.1186/s13643-022-02072-6

[7] Stevens GA, Beal T, Mbuya MNN, et al. Micronutrient deficiencies among preschool-aged children and women of reproductive age worldwide: a pooled analysis of individual-level data from population-representative surveys. Lancet Glob Health. 2022;10(11):e1590–e1599. doi: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00367-9

[8] Stevens G.A., Beal T., Mbuya M.N.N., et al. Micronutrient deficiencies among preschool-aged children and women of reproductive age worldwide: a pooled analysis of individual-level data from population-representative surveys // Lancet Glob Health. 2022. Vol. 10, N. 11. P. e1590–e1599. doi: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00367-9

[9] Likhar A, Patil MS. Importance of maternal nutrition in the first 1,000 days of life and its effects on child development: a narrative review. Cureus. 2022;14(10):e30083. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30083

[10] Likhar A., Patil M.S. Importance of maternal nutrition in the first 1,000 days of life and its effects on child development: a narrative review // Cureus. 2022. Vol. 14, N. 10. P. e30083. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30083

[11] National program “Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents of the Russian Federation: H35 modern approaches to correction”. Union of Pediatricians of Russia. Moscow: Pediatr, 2018. 96 p. (In Russ.)

[12] Национальная программа «Недостаточность витамина D у детей и подростков Российской Федерации: Н35 современные подходы к коррекции» / Союз педиатров России. Москва: ПедиатрЪ, 2018. 96 с.

[13] Kim MJ, Kim SN, Lee YW, et al. Vitamin D status and efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Nutrients. 2016;8(12):789. doi: 10.3390/nu8120789

[14] Kim M.J., Kim S.N., Lee Y.W., et al. Vitamin D status and efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and metaanalysis // Nutrients. 2016. Vol. 8, N. 12. P. 789. doi: 10.3390/nu8120789

[15] Beyhan-Sagmen S, Baykan O, Balcan B, Ceyhan B. Association between severe vitamin D deficiency, lung function and asthma control. Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53(4):186–191. doi: 10.1016/j.arbres.2016.09.010

[16] Beyhan-Sagmen S., Baykan O., Balcan B., Ceyhan B. Association between severe vitamin D deficiency, lung function and asthma control // Arch Bronconeumol. 2017. Vol. 53, N. 4. P. 186–191. doi: 10.1016/j.arbres.2016.09.010

[17] Wang J, Lv S, Chen G, et al. Meta-analysis of the association between vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid disease. Nutrients. 2015;7(4):2485–2498. doi: 10.3390/nu7042485

[18] Wang J., Lv S., Chen G., et al. Meta-analysis of the association between vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid disease // Nutrients. 2015. Vol. 7, N. 4. P. 2485–2498. doi: 10.3390/nu7042485

[19] Espinoza LP, Orces CH, Goonatilake R. Correlation between vitamin D concentrations and physical activity in U.S. children and young adults between ages 5-15 years. J Med Stud Res. 2020;(3):018. doi: 10.24966/msr-5657/100018

[20] Espinoza L.P., Orces C.H., Goonatilake R. Correlation between vitamin D concentrations and physical activity in U.S. children and young adults between ages 5-15 years // J Med Stud Res. 2020. N. 3. P. 018. doi: 10.24966/msr-5657/100018

[21] Orlova SV, Nikitina EA, Balashova NV, et al. Nutritional support for the body under stress in the era of global challenges to humanity. Medical alphabet. 2022;(16):21–28. EDN: TQIAST doi: 10.33667/2078-5631-2022-16-21-28

[22] Орлова С.В., Никитина Е.А., Балашова Н.В., и др. Нутритивная поддержка организма при стрессе в эпоху глобальных вызовов человечеству // Медицинский алфавит. 2022. № 16. С. 21–28. EDN: TQIAST doi: 10.33667/2078-5631-2022-16-21-28

[23] Lederer AK, Hannibal L, Hettich M, et al. Vitamin B12 status upon short-term intervention with a vegan diet – a randomized controlled trial in healthy participants. Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2815. doi: 10.3390/nu11112815

[24] Lederer A.K., Hannibal L., Hettich M., et al. Vitamin B12 status upon short-term intervention with a vegan diet – a randomized controlled trial in healthy participants // Nutrients. 2019. Vol. 11, N. 11. P. 2815. doi: 10.3390/nu11112815

[25] Román GC, Jackson RE, Gadhia R, et al. Mediterranean diet: The role of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids in fish; polyphenols in fruits, vegetables, cereals, coffee, tea, cacao and wine; probiotics and vitamins in prevention of stroke, age-related cognitive decline, and Alzheimer disease. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2019;175(10):724–741. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.08.005

[26] Román G.C., Jackson R.E., Gadhia R., et al. Mediterranean diet: The role of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids in fish; polyphenols in fruits, vegetables, cereals, coffee, tea, cacao and wine; probiotics and vitamins in prevention of stroke, age-related cognitive decline, and Alzheimer disease // Rev Neurol (Paris). 2019. Vol. 175, N. 10. P. 724–741. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.08.005

[27] Drozdov VN, Neiman KP, Noskova KK, et al. Deficiency of essential microelements in patients with diseases of the digestive system. Experimental and clinical gastroenterology journal. 2011;(10):36–40. EDN: TBZEZP

[28] Дроздов В.Н., Нейман К.П., Носкова К.К., и др. Дефицит эссенциальных микроэлементов у больных с заболеваниями органов пищеварения // Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2011. № 10. С. 36–40. EDN: TBZEZP

[29] Agranovich NV, Pilipovich LA, Albotova LV, Klassova AT. About the question of vitamin D deficiency in chronic kidney disease. Literature review. Nephrology (Saint Petersburg). 2019;23(3):21–28. EDN: ZEOOGQ doi: 10.24884/1561-6274-2019-23-3-21-28

[30] Агранович Н.В., Пилипович Л.А., Алботова Л.В., Классова А.Т. К вопросу о дефиците витамина D при хронической болезни почек. Литературный обзор // Нефрология. 2019. Т. 23, № 3. С. 21–28. EDN: ZEOOGQ doi: 10.24884/1561-6274-2019-23-3-21-28

[31] Katarey D, Verma S. Drug-induced liver injury. Clin Med (Lond). 2016;16(Suppl 6):s104–s109. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.16-6-s104

[32] Katarey D., Verma S. Drug-induced liver injury // Clin Med (Lond). 2016. Vol. 16, N. Suppl 6. P. s104–s109. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.16-6-s104

[33] Rozemeijer S, van der Horst FAL, de Man AME. Measuring vitamin C in critically ill patients: clinical importance and practical difficulties-Is it time for a surrogate marker? Crit Care. 2021;25(1):310. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03670-x

[34] Rozemeijer S., van der Horst F.A.L., de Man A.M.E. Measuring vitamin C in critically ill patients: clinical importance and practical difficulties-Is it time for a surrogate marker? // Crit Care. 2021. Vol. 25, N. 1. P. 310. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03670-x

[35] Leonard S, Traber M. Methods for assessment of vitamin E. In: Harrington D, editor. Laboratory assessment of vitamin status. Academic Press; 2019. P. 79–105. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813050-6.00004-8

[36] Leonard S., Traber M. Methods for assessment of vitamin E. In: Harrington D., editor. Laboratory assessment of vitamin status. Academic Press, 2019. P. 79–105. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813050-6.00004-8

[37] Traber MG, Jialal I. Measurement of lipid-soluble vitamins further adjustment needed? Lancet. 2000;355(9220):2013–2014. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02345-X

[38] Traber M.G., Jialal I. Measurement of lipid-soluble vitaminsefurther adjustment needed? // Lancet 2000. Vol. 355, N. 9220. P. 2013–2014. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02345-X

[39] Bailey RL, West KPJr, Black RE. The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;66 Suppl 2:22–33. doi: 10.1159/000371618

[40] Bailey R.L., West K.P.Jr, Black R.E. The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies // Ann Nutr Metab. 2015. Vol. 66 Suppl 2. P. 22–33. doi: 10.1159/000371618

[41] Kodentsova VM, Vrzhesinskaya OA, Risnik DV, et al. Micronutrient status of population of the russian federation and possibility of its correction. State of the problem. Problems of nutrition. 2017;86(4):113–124. EDN: ZFTKLT doi: 10.24411/0042-8833-2017-00067

[42] Коденцова В.М., Вржесинская О.А., Рисник Д.В., и др. Обеспеченность населения России микронутриентами и возможности ее коррекции. Состояние проблемы // Вопросы питания. 2017. Т. 86, № 4. С. 113–124. EDN: ZFTKLT doi: 10.24411/0042-8833-2017-00067

[43] Heaney RP. Vitamin D — baseline status and effective dose. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(1):77–78. doi: 10.1056/nejme1206858

[44] Heaney R.P. Vitamin D — baseline status and effective dose // N Engl J Med. 2012. Vol. 367, N. 1. P. 77–78. doi: 10.1056/nejme1206858

[45] Weber D, Grune T. The contribution of β-carotene to vitamin A supply of humans. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012;56(2):251–258. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201100230

[46] Weber D., Grune T. The contribution of β-carotene to vitamin A supply of humans // Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012. Vol. 56, N. 2. P. 251–258. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201100230

[47] O’Connor EA, Evans CV, Ivlev I, et al. Vitamin and mineral supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: updated evidence report and systematic review for the us preventive services task force. JAMA. 2022;327(23):2334–2347. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.15650

[48] O’Connor E.A., Evans C.V., Ivlev I., et al. Vitamin and mineral supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: updated evidence report and systematic review for the us preventive services task force // JAMA. 2022. Vol. 327, N. 23. P. 2334–2347. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.15650

[49] Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of alcohol dependence, 2019 [Internet]. Available from: https://psychiatr.ru/download/4331?view=1&name=18-12.pdf&ysclid=lx6mb3wm3g412925520. Accessed: 9 June 2024. (In Russ.)

[50] Клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению алкогольной зависимости, 2019 [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://psychiatr.ru/download/4331?view=1&name=18-12.pdf&ysclid=lx6mb3wm3g412925520. Дата обращения: 09.06.2024.

[51] Consensus for management of patients with diabetic polyneuropathy in general medical practice, approved by the expert council on April 8, 2017 [Internet]. Available from: http://infocompany-sovmed.ru/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/60-66.pdf. Accessed: 9 June 2024. (In Russ.)

[52] Консенсус по ведению больных с диабетической нейропатией в общей врачебной практике, утвержденный Советом экспертов 8 апреля 2017 года [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: http://infocompany-sovmed.ru/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/60-66.pdf. Дата обращения: 09.06.2024.

[53] Clinical guidelines for Meniere’s disease, 2016 [Internet]. Available from: https://mosgorzdrav.ru/uploads/imperavi/ru-RU/%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-15.12.doc. Accessed: 9 June 2024. (In Russ.)

[54] Клинические рекомендации «Болезнь Меньера», 2016 [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://mosgorzdrav.ru/uploads/imperavi/ru-RU/%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-15.12.doc. Дата обращения: 09.06.2024.

[55] Clinical recommendations “Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia”, 2021 [Internet]. Available from: https://webmed.irkutsk.ru/doc/pdf/kr536.pdf?ysclid=lx6m0s8p3b639330124. Accessed: 9 June 2024. (In Russ.)

[56] Клинические рекомендации «Витамин В12 дефицитная анемия», 2021 [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://webmed.irkutsk.ru/doc/pdf/kr536.pdf?ysclid=lx6m0s8p3b639330124. Дата обращения: 09.06.2024.

[57] Clinical guidelines “Folium deficiency anemia”, 2021 [Internet]. Available from: http://disuria.ru/_ld/10/1071_kr21D52MZ.pdf?ysclid=lx6ly6j2tk976087628. Accessed: 9 June 2024. (In Russ.)

[58] Клинические рекомендации «Фолиеводефицитная анемия», 2021 [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: http://disuria.ru/_ld/10/1071_kr21D52MZ.pdf?ysclid=lx6ly6j2tk976087628. Дата обращения: 09.06.2024.

[59] Clinical guidelines “Vitamin D deficiency”, 2021 [Internet]. Available from: kr_deficit_vitamina_d_2021.pdf. Accessed: 9 June 2024. (In Russ.)

[60] Клинические рекомендации «Дефицит витамина D», 2021 [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: kr_deficit_vitamina_d_2021.pdf. Дата обращения: 09.06.2024.

[61] Overview of vitamin D: Sassan Pazirandeh, David L Burns [Internet]. Available from: https://pro.uptodatefree.ir/Show/2033. Accessed: 9 June 2024.

[62] Overview of vitamin D: Sassan Pazirandeh, David L Burns. [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://pro.uptodatefree.ir/Show/2033. Дата обращения: 01.10.2023.

[63] Clinical guidelines “Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) in adults”, 2021 [Internet]. Available from: КР ОРВИ.pdf. Accessed: 9 June 2024. (In Russ.)

[64] Клинические рекомендации «Острые респираторные вирусные инфекции (ОРВИ) у взрослых», 2021 [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: КР ОРВИ.pdf. Дата обращения: 09.06.2024.

[65] DeGeorge KC, Ring DJ, Dalrymple SN. Treatment of the common cold. Am Fam Physician. 2019;100(5):281–289.

[66] DeGeorge K.C., Ring D.J., Dalrymple S.N. Treatment of the common cold // Am Fam Physician. 2019. Vol. 100, N. 5. P. 281–289.

[67] Gorelov AV, Malyavin AG, Babak SL, et al. Expert consensus statement. role of vitamin d in the prevention of acute respiratory infections. Infectious diseases. 2023;21(1):162–170. EDN: AGXUDK doi: 10.20953/1729-9225-2023-1-162-170

[68] Горелов А.В., Малявин А.Г., Бабак С.Л., и др. Заключение совета экспертов «Роль витамина D в профилактике острых респираторных инфекций» // Инфекционные болезни. 2023. Т. 21, № 1. С. 162–170. EDN: AGXUDK doi: 10.20953/1729-9225-2023-1-162-170

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Eco-Vector