Forensic medical examination of feces in traces on material evidence: A review

Abstract

This article provides a review of studies on forensic medical examination of feces in traces on material evidence. This issue has long attracted the attention of researchers owing to the need to identify feces in traces on material evidence during the investigation of criminal acts, including sexual assault cases. Review of literature sources has shown that the existing methods of fecal detection include the study of the morphological, enzyme, pigment, and bacteriological compositions of feces. As the methods of laboratory diagnostics improved, the methods of fecal identification also improved from microscopic to high-tech molecular genetic methods. However, despite the advantages, each of the existing methods have their limitations.

Thus, an integrated approach for fecal identification should be developed to identify its micro-traces, study putrefactive objects, differentiate feces from other biological fluids of the human body and animal feces, and perform a comparative study of feces in traces and fecal samples of persons involved to establish their common origin.

Keywords

feces / identification / bacteroides as indicator of fecal matter

References

[1] Menizibeya Osain Welcome. Gastrointestinal physiology: Development, principles and mechanisms of regulation. Springer Cham; 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-91056-7

[2] Menizibeya Osain Welcome. Gastrointestinal physiology: Development, principles and mechanisms of regulation. Springer Cham, 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-91056-7

[3] Menizibeya Osain Welcome. Gastrointestinal physiology: Development, principles and mechanisms of regulation. Springer Cham; 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-91056-7

[4] Greenwood van Meerveld B, Johnson AC, Grundy D. Gastrointestinal physiology and function. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2017;(239):1–16. doi: 10.1007/164_2016_118

[5] Greenwood van Meerveld B., Johnson A.C., Grundy D. Gastrointestinal physiology and function // Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2017. N 239. P. 1–16. doi: 10.1007/164_2016_118

[6] Greenwood van Meerveld B, Johnson AC, Grundy D. Gastrointestinal physiology and function. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2017;(239):1–16. doi: 10.1007/164_2016_118

[7] Johnson LR. Gastrointestinal physiology: Mosby physiology series (Mosby’s Physiology Monograph). Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013. 176 р.

[8] Johnson L.R. Gastrointestinal physiology: Mosby physiology series (Mosby’s physiology monograph). Elsevier Health Sciences, 2013. 176 р.

[9] Johnson LR. Gastrointestinal physiology: Mosby physiology series (Mosby’s Physiology Monograph). Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013. 176 р.

[10] Mironova II, Romanova AA, Dolgov VV. General clinical investigations: Urine, faeces, liquor, sputum, synovial fluid. 4th ed. Moscow-Tver: Triada; 2021. 496 р. (In Russ).

[11] Миронова И.И., Романова А.А., Долгов В.В. Общеклинические исследования: моча, кал, ликвор, мокрота, синовиальная жидкость. 4-е изд., испр. и доп. Москва-Тверь: Триада, 2021. 496 с.

[12] Mironova II, Romanova AA, Dolgov VV. General clinical investigations: Urine, faeces, liquor, sputum, synovial fluid. 4th ed. Moscow-Tver: Triada; 2021. 496 р. (In Russ).

[13] Mironova II. Clinical laboratory diagnostics. National manual in 2 volumes. Vol. 1. Ed. by V.V. Dolgov, V.V. Menshikov. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2013. (In Russ).

[14] Миронова И.И. Клиническая лабораторная диагностика. Национальное руководство в 2 т. Т. 1 / под ред. В.В. Долгова, В.В. Меньшикова. Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2013.

[15] Mironova II. Clinical laboratory diagnostics. National manual in 2 volumes. Vol. 1. Ed. by V.V. Dolgov, V.V. Menshikov. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2013. (In Russ).

[16] Serdyuk AP. Problems of identification of cellular and non-cellular elements in general clinical microscopic examinations. Spravochnik zaveduyushchego KDL. 2015;(8):25–39. (In Russ). EDN: UCMGYZ

[17] Сердюк А.П. Проблемы идентификации клеточных и неклеточных элементов при проведении общеклинических микроскопических исследований // Справочник заведующего КДЛ. 2015. № 8. С. 25–39. EDN: UCMGYZ

[18] Serdyuk AP. Problems of identification of cellular and non-cellular elements in general clinical microscopic examinations. Spravochnik zaveduyushchego KDL. 2015;(8):25–39. (In Russ). EDN: UCMGYZ

[19] Nedoluga NO, Chekmareva LN, Yurkova IY. Traces of faecal matter as an object of forensic investigation. Izbrannye voprosy sudebno-medicinskoj ekspertizy. 2003;(6):97–99. (In Russ). EDN: XQEEWT

[20] Недолуга Н.О., Чекмарева Л.Н., Юркова И.Ю. Следы каловых масс как объект судебно-медицинского исследования // Избранные вопросы судебно-медицинской экспертизы. 2003. № 6. С. 97–99. EDN: XQEEWT

[21] Nedoluga NO, Chekmareva LN, Yurkova IY. Traces of faecal matter as an object of forensic investigation. Izbrannye voprosy sudebno-medicinskoj ekspertizy. 2003;(6):97–99. (In Russ). EDN: XQEEWT

[22] Norris DO, Bock JH. Use of fecal material to associate a suspect with a crime scene: Report of two cases. J Forensic Sci. 2000;45(1):184–187.

[23] Norris D.O., Bock J.H. Use of fecal material to associate a suspect with a crime scene: Report of two cases // J Forensic Sci. 2000. Vol. 45, N 1. P. 184–187.

[24] Norris DO, Bock JH. Use of fecal material to associate a suspect with a crime scene: Report of two cases. J Forensic Sci. 2000;45(1):184–187.

[25] Li R. Forensic biology. CRC Press; 2015. 567 р. doi: 10.1201/b18209

[26] Li R. Forensic biology. CRC Press, 2015. 567 р. doi: 10.1201/b18209

[27] Li R. Forensic biology. CRC Press; 2015. 567 р. doi: 10.1201/b18209

[28] Johnson DJ. Police science legal abstracts and notes: Analysis of fecal matter as evidence of guilt. J Crim Law Criminol. 1948;39(1):129.

[29] Johnson D.J. Police science legal abstracts and notes: Analysis of fecal matter as evidence of guilt // J Crim Law Criminol. 1948. Vol. 39, N 1. P. 129.

[30] Johnson DJ. Police science legal abstracts and notes: Analysis of fecal matter as evidence of guilt. J Crim Law Criminol. 1948;39(1):129.

[31] Gaensslen RE. Sourcebook in forensic serology, immunology, and biochemistry. Section 13. Identification of fecal material. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Dept. of Justice; 1983. 692 p.

[32] Gaensslen R.E. Sourcebook in forensic serology, immunology, and biochemistry. Section 13. Identification of fecal material. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Dept. of Justice, 1983. 692 p.

[33] Gaensslen RE. Sourcebook in forensic serology, immunology, and biochemistry. Section 13. Identification of fecal material. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Dept. of Justice; 1983. 692 p.

[34] Bronnikova MA, Garkavi AS. Methodology and technique of forensic examination of physical evidence. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo meditsinskoi literatury; 1963. 280 р. (In Russ).

[35] Бронникова М.А., Гаркави А.С. Методика и техника судебно-медицинской экспертизы вещественных доказательств. Москва: Государственное издательство медицинской литературы, 1963. 280 с.

[36] Bronnikova MA, Garkavi AS. Methodology and technique of forensic examination of physical evidence. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo meditsinskoi literatury; 1963. 280 р. (In Russ).

[37] Khizhnyakova KI, Moralev LN. Examination of the gastrointestinal tract in determining the age of death. Moscow: Meditsina; 1986. 142 р. (In Russ).

[38] Хижнякова К.И., Моралев Л.Н. Исследование желудочно-кишечного тракта при определении давности смерти. Москва: Медицина, 1986. 142 с.

[39] Khizhnyakova KI, Moralev LN. Examination of the gastrointestinal tract in determining the age of death. Moscow: Meditsina; 1986. 142 р. (In Russ).

[40] Barseghyants LO. Forensic examination of physical evidence (blood, secretions, hair): A guide for forensic scientists. Moscow: Meditsina; 1999. 271 р. (In Russ).

[41] Барсегянц Л.О. Судебно-медицинское исследование вещественных доказательств (кровь, выделения, волосы): руководство для судебных медиков. Москва: Медицина, 1999. 271 с.

[42] Barseghyants LO. Forensic examination of physical evidence (blood, secretions, hair): A guide for forensic scientists. Moscow: Meditsina; 1999. 271 р. (In Russ).

[43] Fedorovtsev AL, Rеvnitskaya LA, Koroleva EI, Edelev NS. Forensic cytological examination of traces on physical evidence. Nizhny Novgorod: Povolzh’e; 2009. 151 р. (In Russ).

[44] Федоровцев А.Л., Ревнитская Л.А., Королева Е.И., Эделев Н.С. Судебно-медицинские цитологические исследования следов на вещественных доказательствах. Нижний Новгород: Поволжье, 2009. 151 с.

[45] Fedorovtsev AL, Rеvnitskaya LA, Koroleva EI, Edelev NS. Forensic cytological examination of traces on physical evidence. Nizhny Novgorod: Povolzh’e; 2009. 151 р. (In Russ).

[46] Suleimenova GM. Identification of traces of secretions. Drawing conclusions during forensic biological examination: A textbook for doctors. Saint Petersburg; 2013. 76 р. (In Russ).

[47] Сулейменова Г.М. Идентификация следов выделений. Составление выводов при судебно-медицинской биологической экспертизе: учебное пособие для врачей. Санкт-Петербург, 2013. 76 с.

[48] Suleimenova GM. Identification of traces of secretions. Drawing conclusions during forensic biological examination: A textbook for doctors. Saint Petersburg; 2013. 76 р. (In Russ).

[49] Lloyd JB, Weston NT. A spectrometric study of the fluorescence detection of fecal urobilinoids. J Forensic Sci. 1982;27(2):352–365.

[50] Lloyd J.B., Weston N.T. A spectrometric study of the fluorescence detection of fecal urobilinoids // J Forensic Sci. 1982. Vol. 27, N 2. P. 352–365.

[51] Lloyd JB, Weston NT. A spectrometric study of the fluorescence detection of fecal urobilinoids. J Forensic Sci. 1982;27(2):352–365.

[52] Chetvertnova AP, Fedorovtsev AL, Edelev NS. Spectrophotometry investigation of meconium and feces in traces of material evidence. Bulletin Forensic Med. 2018;7(3):36–38. EDN: YLJGTB

[53] Четвертнова А.П., Федоровцев А.Л., Эделев Н.С. Спектрофотометрическое исследование мекония и кала в следах на вещественных доказательствах // Вестник судебной медицины. 2018. Т. 7, № 3. С. 36–38. EDN: YLJGTB

[54] Chetvertnova AP, Fedorovtsev AL, Edelev NS. Spectrophotometry investigation of meconium and feces in traces of material evidence. Bulletin Forensic Med. 2018;7(3):36–38. EDN: YLJGTB

[55] Chetvertnova AP, Fedorovtsev AL, Edelev NS. Determination of feces in traces on material evidence by the method of ascendant thin layer chromatography. Russ J Forensic Med. 2019;4(4):30–32. EDN: YWCEWL doi: 10.19048/2411-8729-2018-4-4-30-32

[56] Четвертнова А. П. Федоровцев А.Л., Эделев Н.С. Установление наличия кала в следах на вещественных доказательствах методом восходящей тонкослойной хроматографии // Судебная медицина. 2018. Т. 4, № 4. С. 30–32. EDN: YWCEWL doi: 10.19048/2411-8729-2018-4-4-30-32

[57] Chetvertnova AP, Fedorovtsev AL, Edelev NS. Determination of feces in traces on material evidence by the method of ascendant thin layer chromatography. Russ J Forensic Med. 2019;4(4):30–32. EDN: YWCEWL doi: 10.19048/2411-8729-2018-4-4-30-32

[58] Patent RUS N RU 2646813 C1. Edelev NS, Fedorovtsev AL, Chetvertnova AP. Method of establishing the presence of meconium and/or faeces in traces on physical evidence. (In Russ). Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2646813C1/ru. Accessed: 04.04.2024.

[59] Патент РФ на изобретение № RU 2646813 C1. Эделев Н.С., Федоровцев А.Л., Четвертнова А.П. Способ установления наличия мекония и/или кала в следах на вещественных доказательствах. Режим доступа: https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2646813C1/ru. Дата обращения: 04.04.2024.

[60] Patent RUS N RU 2646813 C1. Edelev NS, Fedorovtsev AL, Chetvertnova AP. Method of establishing the presence of meconium and/or faeces in traces on physical evidence. (In Russ). Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2646813C1/ru. Accessed: 04.04.2024.

[61] Patent RUS N RU 2691727 C1. Chetvertnova AP, Fedorovtsev AL, Edelev NS. Method of establishing the presence of faeces in traces on physical evidence. (In Russ). Available from: https://yandex.ru/patents/doc/RU2691727C1_20190618. Accessed: 04.04.2024.

[62] Патент РФ на изобретение № RU 2691727 C1. Четвертнова А.П., Федоровцев А.Л., Эделев Н.С. Способ установления наличия кала в следах на вещественных доказательствах. Режим доступа: https://yandex.ru/patents/doc/RU2691727C1_20190618. Дата обращения: 04.04.2024.

[63] Patent RUS N RU 2691727 C1. Chetvertnova AP, Fedorovtsev AL, Edelev NS. Method of establishing the presence of faeces in traces on physical evidence. (In Russ). Available from: https://yandex.ru/patents/doc/RU2691727C1_20190618. Accessed: 04.04.2024.

[64] Ilyina EA. Determination of the presence of feces in spots by electrophoresis in agar gel. Forensic Medical Expertise. 1991;(4):41–42. (In Russ).

[65] Ильина Е.А. Установление наличия кала в пятнах методом электрофореза в агаровом геле // Судебно-медицинская экспертиза. 1991. № 4. С. 41–42.

[66] Ilyina EA. Determination of the presence of feces in spots by electrophoresis in agar gel. Forensic Medical Expertise. 1991;(4):41–42. (In Russ).

[67] Information letter of the Chief Forensic Medical Expert of the Ministry of Health of the USSR N 387/dt 14 June 1991. Establishing the presence of faeces by electrophoresis in agar gel. Moscow; 1991. 5 р. (In Russ).

[68] Информационное письмо Главного судебно-медицинского эксперта Минздрава СССР № 387/дт от 14 июня 1991 г. Установление наличия кала методом электрофореза в агаровом геле. Москва, 1991. 5 с.

[69] Information letter of the Chief Forensic Medical Expert of the Ministry of Health of the USSR N 387/dt 14 June 1991. Establishing the presence of faeces by electrophoresis in agar gel. Moscow; 1991. 5 р. (In Russ).

[70] Fedorovtsev AL. Complex technique of revealing elements of intestinal content in traces of overlays on trauma instruments at wounds of the intestine. Aktual’nye voprosy sudebnoi i klinicheskoi meditsiny. 2002;(6):114–115. (In Russ).

[71] Федоровцев А.Л. Комплексная методика выявления элементов кишечного содержимого в следах наложениях на орудиях травмы при ранениях кишки // Актуальные вопросы судебной и клинической медицины. 2002. № 6. С. 114–115.

[72] Fedorovtsev AL. Complex technique of revealing elements of intestinal content in traces of overlays on trauma instruments at wounds of the intestine. Aktual’nye voprosy sudebnoi i klinicheskoi meditsiny. 2002;(6):114–115. (In Russ).

[73] Chetvertnova AP. Complex study of meconium in traces on material evidence [dissertation abstract]: 14.03.05. Place of defence: I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; 2020. 24 р. (In Russ).

[74] Четвертнова А.П. Комплексное исследование мекония в следах на вещественных доказательствах: Автореф. дис. ... канд. мед. наук: 14.03.05. Место защиты: Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России. Нижний Новгород, 2020. 24 с.

[75] Chetvertnova AP. Complex study of meconium in traces on material evidence [dissertation abstract]: 14.03.05. Place of defence: I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; 2020. 24 р. (In Russ).

[76] Chetvertnova AP, Fedorovtsev AL, Edelev NS. Differential diagnostics of meconium and feces in traces on material evidences. Forensic Med Expertise. 2019;62(4):42–46. EDN: CKJWLT doi: 10.17116/sudmed20196206142

[77] Четвертнова А.П., Федоровцев А.Л., Эделев Н.С. Дифференциальная диагностика мекония и кала в следах на вещественных доказательствах // Судебно-медицинская экспертиза. 2019. Т. 62, № 6. С. 42–46. EDN: CKJWLT doi: 10.17116/sudmed20196206142

[78] Chetvertnova AP, Fedorovtsev AL, Edelev NS. Differential diagnostics of meconium and feces in traces on material evidences. Forensic Med Expertise. 2019;62(4):42–46. EDN: CKJWLT doi: 10.17116/sudmed20196206142

[79] Edelev NS, Fedorovtsev AL, Chetvertnova AP. Modern opportunities to detect meconium and faeces in traces on physical evidence. In: VIII All-Russian Congress of forensic scientists with international participation «Achievements of the Russian forensic science of XX–XXI century: to the 100th anniversary of the formation of modern forensic schools»: Collection of works. Ed. by A.V. Kovalev. Moscow; 2019. Р. 59–61. (In Russ).

[80] Эделев Н.С., Федоровцев А.Л., Четвертнова А.П. Современные возможности по выявлению мекония и кала в следах на вещественных доказательствах // VIII Всероссийский съезд судебных медиков с международным участием «Достижения российской судебно-медицинской науки XX–XXI столетия: к 100-летию со дня образования современных судебно-экспертных школ»: сборник трудов / под общ. ред. А.В. Ковалева. Москва, 2019. С. 59–61.

[81] Edelev NS, Fedorovtsev AL, Chetvertnova AP. Modern opportunities to detect meconium and faeces in traces on physical evidence. In: VIII All-Russian Congress of forensic scientists with international participation «Achievements of the Russian forensic science of XX–XXI century: to the 100th anniversary of the formation of modern forensic schools»: Collection of works. Ed. by A.V. Kovalev. Moscow; 2019. Р. 59–61. (In Russ).

[82] Zou KN, Hu M, Huang JP, Zhou HG. [Identification of vaginal fluid using microbial signatures. (In Chinese).] Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2016;32(4):254–256. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.04.004

[83] Zou K.N., Hu M., Huang J.P., Zhou H.G. [Identification of vaginal fluid using microbial signatures. (In Chinese).] // Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2016. Vol. 32, N 4. P. 254–256. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.04.004

[84] Zou KN, Hu M, Huang JP, Zhou HG. [Identification of vaginal fluid using microbial signatures. (In Chinese).] Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2016;32(4):254–256. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.04.004

[85] Akutsu T, Motani H, Watanabe K, et al. Detection of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes for forensic identification of vaginal fluid. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2012;14(3):160–162. doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2012.01.005

[86] Akutsu T., Motani H., Watanabe K., et al. Detection of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes for forensic identification of vaginal fluid // Leg Med (Tokyo). 2012. Vol. 14, N 3. P. 160–162. doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2012.01.005

[87] Akutsu T, Motani H, Watanabe K, et al. Detection of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes for forensic identification of vaginal fluid. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2012;14(3):160–162. doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2012.01.005

[88] Dass M, Singh Y, Ghai M. A review on microbial species for forensic body fluid identification in healthy and diseased humans. Curr Microbiol. 2023;80(9):299. doi: 10.1007/s00284-023-03413-x

[89] Dass M., Singh Y., Ghai M. A review on microbial species for forensic body fluid identification in healthy and diseased humans // Curr Microbiol. 2023. Vol. 80, N 9. P. 299. doi: 10.1007/s00284-023-03413-x

[90] Dass M, Singh Y, Ghai M. A review on microbial species for forensic body fluid identification in healthy and diseased humans. Curr Microbiol. 2023;80(9):299. doi: 10.1007/s00284-023-03413-x

[91] Wang S, Song F, Gu H, et al. Comparative evaluation of the salivary and buccal mucosal microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing for forensic investigations. Front Microbiol. 2022;(13):777882. EDN: IYKVZU doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.777882

[92] Wang S., Song F., Gu H., et al. Comparative evaluation of the salivary and buccal mucosal microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing for forensic investigations // Front Microbiol. 2022. N 13. P. 777882. EDN: IYKVZU doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.777882

[93] Wang S, Song F, Gu H, et al. Comparative evaluation of the salivary and buccal mucosal microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing for forensic investigations. Front Microbiol. 2022;(13):777882. EDN: IYKVZU doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.777882

[94] Lewis C, Seashols-Williams SJ. Design and optimization of a 16S microbial qPCR multiplex for the presumptive identification of feces, saliva, vaginal and menstrual secretions. J Forensic Sci. 2022;67(4):1660–1667. EDN: JTWTGT doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.15029

[95] Lewis C., Seashols-Williams S.J. Design and optimization of a 16S microbial qPCR multiplex for the presumptive identification of feces, saliva, vaginal and menstrual secretions // J Forensic Sci. 2022. Vol. 67, N 4. P. 1660–1667. EDN: JTWTGT doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.15029

[96] Lewis C, Seashols-Williams SJ. Design and optimization of a 16S microbial qPCR multiplex for the presumptive identification of feces, saliva, vaginal and menstrual secretions. J Forensic Sci. 2022;67(4):1660–1667. EDN: JTWTGT doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.15029

[97] Nakanishi H, Shojo H, Ohmori T, et al. Identification of feces by detection of Bacteroides genes. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2013;7(1):176–179. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.09.006

[98] Nakanishi H., Shojo H., Ohmori T., et al. Identification of feces by detection of Bacteroides genes // Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2013. Vol. 7, N 1. P. 176–179. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.09.006

[99] Nakanishi H, Shojo H, Ohmori T, et al. Identification of feces by detection of Bacteroides genes. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2013;7(1):176–179. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.09.006

[100] Zou KN, Ren LJ, Ping Y, et al. Identification of vaginal fluid, saliva, and feces using microbial signatures in a Han Chinese population. J Forensic Leg Med. 2016;(43):126–131. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2016.08.003

[101] Zou K.N., Ren L.J., Ping Y., et al. Identification of vaginal fluid, saliva, and feces using microbial signatures in a Han Chinese population // J Forensic Leg Med. 2016. Vol. 43. P. 126–131. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2016.08.003

[102] Zou KN, Ren LJ, Ping Y, et al. Identification of vaginal fluid, saliva, and feces using microbial signatures in a Han Chinese population. J Forensic Leg Med. 2016;(43):126–131. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2016.08.003

[103] Huang L, Deng L, Liu C, et al. Fecal microbial signatures of healthy han individuals from three bio-geographical zones in Guangdong. Front Microbiol. 2022:(13):920780. EDN: OWXZVD doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.920780

[104] Huang L., Deng L., Liu C., et al. Fecal microbial signatures of healthy han individuals from three bio-geographical zones in Guangdong // Front Microbiol. 2022. N 13. P. 920780. EDN: OWXZVD doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.920780

[105] Huang L, Deng L, Liu C, et al. Fecal microbial signatures of healthy han individuals from three bio-geographical zones in Guangdong. Front Microbiol. 2022:(13):920780. EDN: OWXZVD doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.920780

[106] Sinelnikov A, Kopitke E, Reich K. PRS-based tests for forensic detection of feces: Use of Bacteroides species as indicator of fecal matter. Forensic Sci Int. 2007;(6):37–39. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2017.09.011

[107] Sinelnikov A, Kopitke E., Reich K. PRS-based tests for forensic detection of feces: Use of Bacteroides species as indicator of fecal matter // Forensic Sci Int. 2007. N 6. P. 37–39. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2017.09.011

[108] Sinelnikov A, Kopitke E, Reich K. PRS-based tests for forensic detection of feces: Use of Bacteroides species as indicator of fecal matter. Forensic Sci Int. 2007;(6):37–39. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2017.09.011

[109] Vandenberg N, van Oorschot RA. Extraction of human nuclear DNA from feces samples using the QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit. J Forensic Sci. 2002:47(5):993–995.

[110] Vandenberg N., van Oorschot R.A. Extraction of human nuclear DNA from feces samples using the QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit // J Forensic Sci. 2002. Vol. 47, N 5. P. 993–995.

[111] Vandenberg N, van Oorschot RA. Extraction of human nuclear DNA from feces samples using the QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit. J Forensic Sci. 2002:47(5):993–995.

[112] Roy R. Analysis of human fecal material for autosomal and Y chromosome STRs. J Forensic Sci. 2003:48(5):1035–1040.

[113] Roy R. Analysis of human fecal material for autosomal and Y chromosome STRs // J Forensic Sci. 2003. Vol. 48, N 5. P. 1035–1040.

[114] Roy R. Analysis of human fecal material for autosomal and Y chromosome STRs. J Forensic Sci. 2003:48(5):1035–1040.

[115] Johnson DJ, Martin LR, Roberts KA. STR-typing of human DNA from human fecal matter using the QIAGEN QIAamp Stool Mini Kit. J Forensic Sci. 2005;50(4):802–808.

[116] Johnson D.J., Martin L.R., Roberts K.A. STR-typing of human DNA from human fecal matter using the QIAGEN QIAamp Stool Mini Kit // J Forensic Sci. 2005. Vol. 50, N 4. P. 802–808.

[117] Johnson DJ, Martin LR, Roberts KA. STR-typing of human DNA from human fecal matter using the QIAGEN QIAamp Stool Mini Kit. J Forensic Sci. 2005;50(4):802–808.

[118] Zhang BW, Li M, Ma LC, Wei FW. A widely applicable protocol for DNA isolation from fecal samples. Biochem Genet. 2006;44(11-12):503–512. EDN: CRNUFD doi: 10.1007/s10528-006-9050-1

[119] Zhang B.W., Li M., Ma L.C., Wei F.W. A widely applicable protocol for DNA isolation from fecal samples // Biochem Genet. 2006. Vol. 44, N 11-12. P. 503–512. EDN: CRNUFD doi: 10.1007/s10528-006-9050-1

[120] Zhang BW, Li M, Ma LC, Wei FW. A widely applicable protocol for DNA isolation from fecal samples. Biochem Genet. 2006;44(11-12):503–512. EDN: CRNUFD doi: 10.1007/s10528-006-9050-1

[121] Nechvatal JM, Ram JL, Basson M.D, et al. Fecal collection, ambient preservation, and DNA extraction for PCR amplification of bacterial and human markers from human feces. J Microbiol Methods. 2008;72(2)124–132. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.11.007

[122] Nechvatal J.M., Ram J.L., Basson M.D., et al. Fecal collection, ambient preservation, and DNA extraction for PCR amplification of bacterial and human markers from human feces // J Microbiol Methods. 2008. Vol. 72, N 2. P. 124–132. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.11.007

[123] Nechvatal JM, Ram JL, Basson M.D, et al. Fecal collection, ambient preservation, and DNA extraction for PCR amplification of bacterial and human markers from human feces. J Microbiol Methods. 2008;72(2)124–132. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.11.007

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Eco-Vector