Forensic medical determination of the age of fractures based on X-ray research methods: A literature review

Abstract

Fractures of various locations as a result of traumatism rank second in both Russia and abroad. In Iran, and in the daily work of a forensic expert, skeletal trauma, if not prevalent, is one of the injuries encountered during the examination of victims, accused, and other persons. In addition to determining the mechanism of bone fracture formation, experts face cases of persistent injuries. Determining the time of the occurrence of bodily injuries in living persons generally does not involve special labor if full-fledged research objects are available. A much more difficult task is determining the age of a bone fracture from control radiographs, without primary clinical and radiological data, when the expert is provided with only control radiographs of the area of interest, which were taken after a long time has elapsed from the time of injury. In modern domestic and foreign scientific sources, no clear criteria have been established for determining the age of fractures based radiographs. Although some studies have been devoted to this issue in forensic medical literature, they are based on the results of nonradiological research methods: histological, histochemical, fractographic, ultrasound, and others. In the specialized literature on traumatology, determining the age of fractures since occurrence is not a priority. The analysis of literary sources shows the relevance of research on radiography methods for forensic medical practice.

Keywords

age of fractures / radiographic periods of consolidation / callus

References

[1] Volotovsky PA, Sitnik AA, Beletsky AV. Infections after osteosynthesis of lower extremity long bones: Etiology, classification and diagnosis. Voennaya meditsina. 2018;(1):83–89. EDN: YPMQSE

[2] Волотовский П.А., Ситник А.А., Белецкий А.В. Инфекционные осложнения после остеосинтеза длинных трубчатых костей нижних конечностей: этиология, классификация и диагностика // Военная медицина. 2018. № 1. С. 83–89. EDN: YPMQSE

[3] Volotovsky PA, Sitnik AA, Beletsky AV. Infections after osteosynthesis of lower extremity long bones: Etiology, classification and diagnosis. Voennaya meditsina. 2018;(1):83–89. EDN: YPMQSE

[4] Matveev RP, Bragina SV. Radiology in traumatology and orthopedics: Selected sections: textbook. Arkhangelsk: Izd-vo Severnogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta; 2018. 151 p. EDN: VMGEUT

[5] Матвеев Р.П., Брагина С.В. Рентгенология в травматологии и ортопедии: избранные разделы: учебное пособие. Архангельск: Изд-во Северного государственного медицинского университета, 2018. 151 с. EDN: VMGEUT

[6] Matveev RP, Bragina SV. Radiology in traumatology and orthopedics: Selected sections: textbook. Arkhangelsk: Izd-vo Severnogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta; 2018. 151 p. EDN: VMGEUT

[7] Salaev AV. Experimental and clinical assessment of the stability of extrafocal osteosynthesis of tubular bones with a new rod apparatus [dissertation abstract]: 14.01.15. Place of defence: Samara State Medical University. Penza; 2020. 20 р. (In Russ).

[8] Салаев А.В. Экспериментально-клиническая оценка стабильности внеочагового остеосинтеза трубчатых костей новым стержневым аппаратом: Автореф. дис. … канд. мед. наук: 14.01.15. Место защиты: Самарский государственный медицинский университет. Пенза, 2020. 20 с.

[9] Salaev AV. Experimental and clinical assessment of the stability of extrafocal osteosynthesis of tubular bones with a new rod apparatus [dissertation abstract]: 14.01.15. Place of defence: Samara State Medical University. Penza; 2020. 20 р. (In Russ).

[10] Cherkashina ZA. Traumatology and orthopedics. Vol. 1. Moscow: Meditsinskoe informatsionnoe agentstvo; 2017. 544 p. (In Russ).

[11] Черкашина З.А. Травматология и ортопедия. Т. 1. Общие вопросы. Москва: Медицинское информационное агентство, 2017. 544 с.

[12] Cherkashina ZA. Traumatology and orthopedics. Vol. 1. Moscow: Meditsinskoe informatsionnoe agentstvo; 2017. 544 p. (In Russ).

[13] Kokoreva I, Korenkov A, Solovyov I. Effect of osteomed forte on the terms of bone fracture consolidation in children and adolescents. Vrach. 2020;31(1):82–85. EDN: OTFBDD doi: 10.29296/25877305-2020-01-18

[14] Кокорева И., Кореньков А., Соловьев И. Влияние препарата Остеомед Форте на сроки консолидации переломов костей у детей и подростков // Врач. 2020. Т. 31, № 1. С. 82–85. EDN: OTFBDD doi: 10.29296/25877305-2020-01-18

[15] Kokoreva I, Korenkov A, Solovyov I. Effect of osteomed forte on the terms of bone fracture consolidation in children and adolescents. Vrach. 2020;31(1):82–85. EDN: OTFBDD doi: 10.29296/25877305-2020-01-18

[16] Rasulova MR, Indiaminov SI. Possibilities of establishing the age of nasal bone fractures by methods of radial diagnostics. In: The 6 th International scientific and practical conference: Eurasian scientific congress (June 14–16, 2020) Barca Academy Publishing, Barcelona, Spain; 2020. P. 91.

[17] Расулова М.Р., Индиаминов С.И. Возможности установления давности переломов костей носа методами лучевой диагностики // The 6 th International scientific and practical conference: Eurasian scientific congress (June 14–16, 2020) Barca Academy Publishing, Barcelona, Spain, 2020. С. 91.

[18] Rasulova MR, Indiaminov SI. Possibilities of establishing the age of nasal bone fractures by methods of radial diagnostics. In: The 6 th International scientific and practical conference: Eurasian scientific congress (June 14–16, 2020) Barca Academy Publishing, Barcelona, Spain; 2020. P. 91.

[19] Strukov AI. Pathological anatomy: A textbook for students of higher professional education institutions. 6th ed., revised and additional. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2019. 878 p. (In Russ).

[20] Струков А.И. Патологическая анатомия: учебник для студентов учреждений высшего профессионального образования. 6-е изд., перераб. и доп. Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2019. 878 с.

[21] Strukov AI. Pathological anatomy: A textbook for students of higher professional education institutions. 6th ed., revised and additional. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2019. 878 p. (In Russ).

[22] Thompson EM, Matsiko A, Farrell E, et al. Recapitulating endochondral ossification: A promising route to in vivo bone regeneration. J Tissue Eng. Regen Med. 2015;9(8):889–902. doi: 10.1002/term.1918

[23] Thompson E.M., Matsiko A., Farrell E., et al. Recapitulating endochondral ossification: A promising route to in vivo bone regeneration // J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2015. Vol. 9, № 8. Р. 889–902. doi: 10.1002/term.1918

[24] Thompson EM, Matsiko A, Farrell E, et al. Recapitulating endochondral ossification: A promising route to in vivo bone regeneration. J Tissue Eng. Regen Med. 2015;9(8):889–902. doi: 10.1002/term.1918

[25] Kaplan AV. Damage to bones and joints. 3rd ed. Moscow: Meditsina; 1979. 568 p.

[26] Каплан А.В. Повреждения костей и суставов. 3-е изд. Москва: Медицина, 1979. 568 с.

[27] Kaplan AV. Damage to bones and joints. 3rd ed. Moscow: Meditsina; 1979. 568 p.

[28] Albes G. Facharztprüfung radiologie: 5 aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage. Stuttgart: Thieme (Verlag); 2022. 928 р.

[29] Albes G. Facharztprüfung radiologie: 5 aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage. Stuttgart: Thieme (Verlag), 2022. 928 р.

[30] Albes G. Facharztprüfung radiologie: 5 aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage. Stuttgart: Thieme (Verlag); 2022. 928 р.

[31] Volotovsky AI, Makarevich ER, Chirak VE. Bone tissue regeneration in normal and pathological conditions: method. recommendations. Minsk: Belarusian State Medical University; 2010. 24 p. (In Russ).

[32] Волотовский А.И., Макаревич Е.Р., Чирак В.Э. Регенерация костной ткани в норме и при патологии: методические рекомендации. Минск: БГМУ, 2010. 24 с.

[33] Volotovsky AI, Makarevich ER, Chirak VE. Bone tissue regeneration in normal and pathological conditions: method. recommendations. Minsk: Belarusian State Medical University; 2010. 24 p. (In Russ).

[34] Lyritis GP. Fracture healing and antiosteoporotic treatment. Osteoporoz i osteopatii. 2012;15(3):41–44. EDN: PWXZQX

[35] Лиритис Г.П. Консолидация переломов и препараты для лечения остеопороза // Остеопороз и остеопатии. 2012. Т. 15, № 3. С. 41–44. EDN: PWXZQX

[36] Lyritis GP. Fracture healing and antiosteoporotic treatment. Osteoporoz i osteopatii. 2012;15(3):41–44. EDN: PWXZQX

[37] Chulikhina NA, Shestopalov KK, Plaksin VO. Comprehensive assessment of the duration of fractures in local damage to the diaphyseal sections of long tubular bones using an x-ray diagnostic method. Problemy ekspertizy v meditsine. 2001;1(4):3–6. EDN: ONJRLZ

[38] Чулихина Н.А., Шестопалов К.К., Плаксин В.О. Комплексная оценка давности переломов при локальном повреждении диафизарных отделов длинных трубчатых костей с использованием рентгенологического метода диагностики // Проблемы экспертизы в медицине. 2001. Т. 1, № 4. С. 3–6. EDN: ONJRLZ

[39] Chulikhina NA, Shestopalov KK, Plaksin VO. Comprehensive assessment of the duration of fractures in local damage to the diaphyseal sections of long tubular bones using an x-ray diagnostic method. Problemy ekspertizy v meditsine. 2001;1(4):3–6. EDN: ONJRLZ

[40] Brusko AT, Gaiko GV. Modern concepts of stages of bone tissue fractures reparative regeneration. Vіsnik ortopedії, travmatologії ta protezuvannya. 2014;(2):5–8. EDN: TDOIMN

[41] Бруско А.Т., Гайко Г.В. Современные представления о стадиях репаративной регенерации костной ткани при переломах // Вісник ортопедії, травматології та протезування. 2014. № 2. С. 5–8. EDN: TDOIMN

[42] Brusko AT, Gaiko GV. Modern concepts of stages of bone tissue fractures reparative regeneration. Vіsnik ortopedії, travmatologії ta protezuvannya. 2014;(2):5–8. EDN: TDOIMN

[43] Volkov AV. Morphology of reparative osteogenesis and osseointegration in maxillofacial surgery [dissertation abstract]: 14.03.02. Place of defence: Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Moscow; 2019. 48 р. (In Russ).

[44] Волков А.В. Морфология репаративного остеогенеза и остеоинтеграции в челюстно-лицевой хирургии: Автореф. дис. … докт. мед. наук: 14.03.02. Место защиты: Рос. ун-т дружбы народов. Москва, 2019. 48 с.

[45] Volkov AV. Morphology of reparative osteogenesis and osseointegration in maxillofacial surgery [dissertation abstract]: 14.03.02. Place of defence: Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Moscow; 2019. 48 р. (In Russ).

[46] Kavalersky GM, Garkavi AV, Silini LL, et al. Traumatology and orthopedics: textbook. Ed. by G.M. Kavalersky. 4th ed. Moscow: Akademiya; 2019. 636 p. (In Russ).

[47] Кавалерский Г.М., Гаркави А.В., Силини Л.Л., др. Травматология и ортопедия: учебник / под ред. Г.М. Кавалерского. 4-е изд. Москва: Академия, 2019. 636 с.

[48] Kavalersky GM, Garkavi AV, Silini LL, et al. Traumatology and orthopedics: textbook. Ed. by G.M. Kavalersky. 4th ed. Moscow: Akademiya; 2019. 636 p. (In Russ).

[49] Nagornov MN, Osipenkova-Vichtomova TK. Forensic medical aspects of bone tissue injuries and pathology. Forensic Med Exp. 2012;55(1):41–44. EDN: PEUKLJ

[50] Нагорнов М.Н., Осипенкова-Вичтомова Т.К. Судебно-медицинские аспекты травмы и патологии костной ткани // Судебно-медицинская экспертиза. 2012. Т. 55, № 1. С. 41–44. EDN: PEUKLJ

[51] Nagornov MN, Osipenkova-Vichtomova TK. Forensic medical aspects of bone tissue injuries and pathology. Forensic Med Exp. 2012;55(1):41–44. EDN: PEUKLJ

[52] Osipenkova-Vichtomova TK. Forensic histological examination of bone tissue. Moscow: Vikra; 2000. 144 p. (In Russ).

[53] Осипенкова-Вичтомова Т.К. Судебно-гистологическая экспертиза костной ткани. Москва: Викра, 2000. 144 с.

[54] Osipenkova-Vichtomova TK. Forensic histological examination of bone tissue. Moscow: Vikra; 2000. 144 p. (In Russ).

[55] Peksheva MS, Rankov MM, Petrova IV. The difficulties of radiological diagnosis phenomen of dysregeneration long bones fractures based on clinical cases. Med Visualizat. 2021;25(1):164–176. EDN: DSLATE doi: 10.24835/1607-0763-810

[56] Пекшева М.С., Ранков М.М., Петрова И.В. Трудности лучевой диагностики дисрегенерации при переломах длинных трубчатых костей на примере клинических случаев // Медицинская визуализация. 2021. Т. 25, № 1. С. 164–176. EDN: DSLATE doi: 10.24835/1607-0763-810

[57] Peksheva MS, Rankov MM, Petrova IV. The difficulties of radiological diagnosis phenomen of dysregeneration long bones fractures based on clinical cases. Med Visualizat. 2021;25(1):164–176. EDN: DSLATE doi: 10.24835/1607-0763-810

[58] Zagorodniy NV, Belinov NV. Fractures of the proximal femur. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2020. 128 p. (In Russ).

[59] Загородний Н.В., Белинов Н.В. Переломы проксимального отдела бедренной кости. Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2020. 128 с.

[60] Zagorodniy NV, Belinov NV. Fractures of the proximal femur. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2020. 128 p. (In Russ).

[61] Sharmazanova EP, Moseliani H. X-ray diagnosis of false joint in tibial fractures. Promeneva dіagnostika, promeneva terapіya. 2016;4(3):111–114. (In Russ).

[62] Шармазанова Е.П., Моселиани Х. Рентгенодиагностика ложного сустава при переломах большеберцовой кости // Променева діагностика, променева терапія. 2016. № 3. С. 111–114.

[63] Sharmazanova EP, Moseliani H. X-ray diagnosis of false joint in tibial fractures. Promeneva dіagnostika, promeneva terapіya. 2016;4(3):111–114. (In Russ).

[64] Sharmazanova EP, Moseliani H. Analysis of reparative osteogenesis in diaphyseal fractures of tibia bones according to radiography. ScienceRise: Medical Science. 2017;8(16):51–53. (In Russ).

[65] Шармазанова Е.П., Моселиани Х. Анализ репаративного остеогенеза при диафизарных переломах костей голени по данным рентгенографии // ScienceRise: Medical Science. 2017. № 8. С. 51–53.

[66] Sharmazanova EP, Moseliani H. Analysis of reparative osteogenesis in diaphyseal fractures of tibia bones according to radiography. ScienceRise: Medical Science. 2017;8(16):51–53. (In Russ).

[67] Potekhina YP, Filatova AI, Tregubova ES, Mokhov DE. Mechanosensitivity of cells and its role in the regulation of physiological functions and the implementation of physiotherapeutic effects (review). Modern Technolog Med. 2020;12(4):77–90. EDN: BTRYBI doi: 10.17691/stm2020.12.4.10

[68] Потехина Ю.П., Филатова А.И., Трегубова Е.С., Мохов Д.Е. Механосенситивность различных клеток: возможная роль в регуляции и реализации эффектов физических методов лечения (обзор) // Современные технологии в медицине. 2020. Т. 12, № 4. С. 77–90. EDN: BTRYBI doi: 10.17691/stm2020.12.4.10

[69] Potekhina YP, Filatova AI, Tregubova ES, Mokhov DE. Mechanosensitivity of cells and its role in the regulation of physiological functions and the implementation of physiotherapeutic effects (review). Modern Technolog Med. 2020;12(4):77–90. EDN: BTRYBI doi: 10.17691/stm2020.12.4.10

[70] Sirak SV, Didenko MO, Sirak AG, et al. The role of mechanotransduction in the activation of physiological remodeling histione. Med News North Caucasus. 2021;16(4):399–404. EDN: KOWIQS doi: 10.14300/mnnc.2021.16095

[71] Сирак С.В., Диденко М.О., Сирак А.Г., и др. Роль механотрансдукции в активации физиологического ремоделирующего гистиона // Медицинский вестник Северного Кавказа. 2021. Т. 16, № 4. С. 399–404. EDN: KOWIQS doi: 10.14300/mnnc.2021.16095

[72] Sirak SV, Didenko MO, Sirak AG, et al. The role of mechanotransduction in the activation of physiological remodeling histione. Med News North Caucasus. 2021;16(4):399–404. EDN: KOWIQS doi: 10.14300/mnnc.2021.16095

[73] Borciani G., Montalbano G., Baldini N., et al. Co-culture systems of osteoblasts and osteoclasts: Simulating in vitro bone remodeling in regenerative approaches. Acta Biomater. 2020;(108):22–45. EDN: ZLUBCF doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.043

[74] Borciani G., Montalbano G., Baldini N., et al. Co-culture systems of osteoblasts and osteoclasts: Simulating in vitro bone remodeling in regenerative approaches // Acta Biomater. 2020. N 108. Р. 22–45. EDN: ZLUBCF doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.043

[75] Borciani G., Montalbano G., Baldini N., et al. Co-culture systems of osteoblasts and osteoclasts: Simulating in vitro bone remodeling in regenerative approaches. Acta Biomater. 2020;(108):22–45. EDN: ZLUBCF doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.043

[76] Chang B, Liu X. Osteon: Structure, turnover, and regeneration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2022;28(2):261–278 doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2020.0322

[77] Chang B., Liu X. Osteon: Structure, turnover, and regeneration // Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2022. Vol. 28, N 2. Р. 261–278. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2020.0322

[78] Chang B, Liu X. Osteon: Structure, turnover, and regeneration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2022;28(2):261–278 doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2020.0322

[79] Entezari A, Swain MV, Gooding JJ, et al. A modular design strategy to integrate mechanotransduction concepts in scaffold-based bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2020;(118):100–112. EDN: WMPRMR doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.012

[80] Entezari A., Swain M.V., Gooding J.J., et al. A modular design strategy to integrate mechanotransduction concepts in scaffold-based bone tissue engineering // Acta Biomater. 2020. N 118. Р. 100–112. EDN: WMPRMR doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.012

[81] Entezari A, Swain MV, Gooding JJ, et al. A modular design strategy to integrate mechanotransduction concepts in scaffold-based bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2020;(118):100–112. EDN: WMPRMR doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.012

[82] Glatt V, Evans CH, Stoddart MJ. Regenerative rehabilitation: The role of mechanotransduction in orthopaedic regenerative medicine. J Orthop Res. 2019;37(6):1263–1269. doi: 10.1002/jor.24205

[83] Glatt V., Evans C.H., Stoddart M.J. Regenerative rehabilitation: The role of mechanotransduction in orthopaedic regenerative medicine // J Orthop Res. 2019. Vol. 37, N 6. Р. 1263–1269. doi: 10.1002/jor.24205

[84] Glatt V, Evans CH, Stoddart MJ. Regenerative rehabilitation: The role of mechanotransduction in orthopaedic regenerative medicine. J Orthop Res. 2019;37(6):1263–1269. doi: 10.1002/jor.24205

[85] Gould NR, Torre OM, Leser JM, Stains JP. The cytoskeleton and connected elements in bone cell mechano-transduction. Bone Research. 2021;(149):115971. EDN: YZPJPU doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115971

[86] Gould N.R., Torre O.M., Leser J.M., Stains J.P. The cytoskeleton and connected elements in bone cell mechano-transduction // Bone Research. 2021. N 149. P. 115971. EDN: YZPJPU doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115971

[87] Gould NR, Torre OM, Leser JM, Stains JP. The cytoskeleton and connected elements in bone cell mechano-transduction. Bone Research. 2021;(149):115971. EDN: YZPJPU doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115971

[88] Kenkre JS, Bassett J. The bone remodelling cycle. Ann Clin Biochem. 2018;55(3):308–327. doi: 10.1177/0004563218759371

[89] Kenkre J.S., Bassett J. The bone remodelling cycle // Ann Clin Biochem. 2018. Vol. 55, N 3. P. 308–327. doi: 10.1177/0004563218759371

[90] Kenkre JS, Bassett J. The bone remodelling cycle. Ann Clin Biochem. 2018;55(3):308–327. doi: 10.1177/0004563218759371

[91] Monemian Esfahani A, Rosenbohm J, Reddy K, et al. Tissue regeneration from mechanical stretching of cell-cell adhesion. Tissue Eng. Part C. Methods. 2019;25(11):631–640. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEC.2019.0098

[92] Monemian Esfahani A., Rosenbohm J., Reddy K., et al. Tissue regeneration from mechanical stretching of cell-cell adhesion // Tissue Eng. Part C. Methods. 2019. Vol. 25, N 11. P. 631–640. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEC.2019.0098

[93] Monemian Esfahani A, Rosenbohm J, Reddy K, et al. Tissue regeneration from mechanical stretching of cell-cell adhesion. Tissue Eng. Part C. Methods. 2019;25(11):631–640. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEC.2019.0098

[94] Qin L, Liu W, Cao H, Xiao G. Molecular mechanosensors in osteocytes. Bone Research. 2020;(8):23. EDN: HYWSBV doi: 10.1038/s41413-020-0099-y

[95] Qin L., Liu W., Cao H., Xiao G. Molecular mechanosensors in osteocytes // Bone Research. 2020. N 8. P. 23. EDN: HYWSBV doi: 10.1038/s41413-020-0099-y

[96] Qin L, Liu W, Cao H, Xiao G. Molecular mechanosensors in osteocytes. Bone Research. 2020;(8):23. EDN: HYWSBV doi: 10.1038/s41413-020-0099-y

[97] Lindenbratei LD, Korolyuk IP. Medical radiology (basics of radiation diagnostics and radiation therapy): Textbook. 2nd ed., revised and additional. Moscow: Meditsina; 2000. 672 p. (In Russ).

[98] Линденбратеи Л.Д., Королюк И.П. Медицинская радиология (основы лучевой диагностики и лучевой терапии): учебник. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. Москва: Медицина, 2000. 672 с.

[99] Lindenbratei LD, Korolyuk IP. Medical radiology (basics of radiation diagnostics and radiation therapy): Textbook. 2nd ed., revised and additional. Moscow: Meditsina; 2000. 672 p. (In Russ).

[100] Reinberg SA. X-ray diagnosis of diseases of bones and joints. In two books. Vol. 1–2. Ed. 4, Spanish and additional. Moscow: Meditsina; 1964. 1104 p. (In Russ).

[101] Рейнберг С.А. Рентгенодиагностика заболеваний костей и суставов. В 2 кн. Т. 1–2. Изд. 4-е, исп. и доп. Москва: Медицина, 1964. 1104 с.

[102] Reinberg SA. X-ray diagnosis of diseases of bones and joints. In two books. Vol. 1–2. Ed. 4, Spanish and additional. Moscow: Meditsina; 1964. 1104 p. (In Russ).

[103] Burov SA, Reznikov BD. Radiology in forensic medicine. Saratov: Izdatel'stvo Saratovskogo universiteta; 1975. 288 p. (In Russ).

[104] Буров С.А., Резников Б.Д. Рентгенология в судебной медицине. Саратов: Издательство Саратовского университета, 1975. 288 с.

[105] Burov SA, Reznikov BD. Radiology in forensic medicine. Saratov: Izdatel'stvo Saratovskogo universiteta; 1975. 288 p. (In Russ).

[106] Ilyasova EB, Chekhonatskaya ML, Priezzhev VN. Radiation diagnostics. 2nd ed. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2021. 430 p. (In Russ).

[107] Илясова Е.Б., Чехонацкая М.Л., Приезжев В.Н. Лучевая диагностика. 2-е изд. Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2021. 430 с.

[108] Ilyasova EB, Chekhonatskaya ML, Priezzhev VN. Radiation diagnostics. 2nd ed. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2021. 430 p. (In Russ).

[109] Lagunova IG. X-ray anatomy of the skeleton (a guide for doctors). Moscow: Meditsina; 1981. 368 p. (In Russ).

[110] Лагунова И.Г. Рентгеноанатомия скелета (руководство для врачей). Москва: Медицина, 1981. 368 с.

[111] Lagunova IG. X-ray anatomy of the skeleton (a guide for doctors). Moscow: Meditsina; 1981. 368 p. (In Russ).

[112] Garkavi AV, Lychagin AV, Kavalerskiy GM, et al. Traumatology and orthopedics. Moscow: GЕОTAR-Media; 2023. 784 p. (In Russ).

[113] Гаркави А.В., Лычагин А.В., Кавалерский Г.М., и др. Травматология и ортопедия: учебник. Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2022. 896 с.

[114] Garkavi AV, Lychagin AV, Kavalerskiy GM, et al. Traumatology and orthopedics. Moscow: GЕОTAR-Media; 2023. 784 p. (In Russ).

[115] Grebenkov AB. Forensic medical assessment of nasal bone fractures: reference and information materials. Kursk; 2015. 28 p. (In Russ).

[116] Гребеньков А.Б. Судебно-медицинская оценка переломов костей носа: справочно-информационные материалы. Курск: Бюро СМЭ, 2015. 28 с.

[117] Grebenkov AB. Forensic medical assessment of nasal bone fractures: reference and information materials. Kursk; 2015. 28 p. (In Russ).

[118] Pankratov AS, Rubtsov AA, Ogurtsov DA, et al. Current trends in the development of long tubular bones osteosynthesis. Sci Innovat Med. 2022;7(4):281–288. EDN: XBSMBG doi: 10.35693/2500-1388-2022-7-4-281-288

[119] Панкратов А.С., Рубцов А.А., Огурцов Д.А., и др. Современные тенденции развития накостного остеосинтеза длинных трубчатых костей // Наука и инновации в медицине. 2022. Т. 7, № 4. С. 281–288. EDN: XBSMBG doi: 10.35693/2500-1388-2022-7-4-281-288

[120] Pankratov AS, Rubtsov AA, Ogurtsov DA, et al. Current trends in the development of long tubular bones osteosynthesis. Sci Innovat Med. 2022;7(4):281–288. EDN: XBSMBG doi: 10.35693/2500-1388-2022-7-4-281-288

[121] Zedgenizdze GA. Clinical X-ray radiology. Vol. 3. Moscow: Meditsina; 1984. 463 р. (In Russ).

[122] Зедгениздзе Г.А. Клиническая рентгенрадиология. Т. 3. Москва: Медицина, 1984. 463 с.

[123] Zedgenizdze GA. Clinical X-ray radiology. Vol. 3. Moscow: Meditsina; 1984. 463 р. (In Russ).

[124] Romanov PG, Devyaterikov AA, Shtempelyuk YR. Problems of forensic medical assessment of nasal bone fractures. Izbrannye voprosy sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertizy. 2022;(21):103–105. EDN: COZRPM

[125] Романов П.Г., Девятериков А.А., Штемпелюк Я.Р. Проблемы судебно-медицинской оценки переломов костей носа // Избранные вопросы судебно-медицинской экспертизы. 2022. № 21. С. 103–105. EDN: COZRPM

[126] Romanov PG, Devyaterikov AA, Shtempelyuk YR. Problems of forensic medical assessment of nasal bone fractures. Izbrannye voprosy sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertizy. 2022;(21):103–105. EDN: COZRPM

[127] Panin MG, Bogdashevskaya VB, Alekseev AV. Characteristics of bone wound healing after vertical osteotomy of the branches of the lower jaw according to radiological data. Moscow: Moskovskii meditsinskii stomatologicheskii institut im. N.A. Semashko; 1990. 6 p. (In Russ).

[128] Панин М.Г., Богдашевская В.Б., Алексеев А.В. Характеристика заживления костной раны после вертикальной остеотомии ветвей нижней челюсти по рентгенологическим данным. Москва: Московский медицинский стоматологический институт им. Н.А. Семашко, 1990. 6 с.

[129] Panin MG, Bogdashevskaya VB, Alekseev AV. Characteristics of bone wound healing after vertical osteotomy of the branches of the lower jaw according to radiological data. Moscow: Moskovskii meditsinskii stomatologicheskii institut im. N.A. Semashko; 1990. 6 p. (In Russ).

[130] Pigolkin YuI, Nagornov MN, Lomyga PA, Barinov EKh. Features of healing of calvarial fractures. Sudebno-meditsinskaya ekspertiza. 2005;(1):7–10. (In Russ).

[131] Пиголкин Ю.И., Нагорнов М.Н., Ломыга П.А., Баринов Е.Х. Особенности заживления переломов свода черепа // Судебно-медицинская экспертиза. 2005. № 1. С. 7–10.

[132] Pigolkin YuI, Nagornov MN, Lomyga PA, Barinov EKh. Features of healing of calvarial fractures. Sudebno-meditsinskaya ekspertiza. 2005;(1):7–10. (In Russ).

[133] Gabunia GV. Timing of osteosynthesis and some features of the process of consolidation of long tubular bones in combined traumatic brain injury. Meditsinskie novosti Gruzii. 2000;(6):15–18. (In Russ).

[134] Габуния Г.В. Сроки остеосинтеза и некоторые особенности процесса консолидации длинных трубчатых костей при сочетанной черепно-мозговой травме // Медицинские новости Грузии. 2000. № 6. С. 15–18.

[135] Gabunia GV. Timing of osteosynthesis and some features of the process of consolidation of long tubular bones in combined traumatic brain injury. Meditsinskie novosti Gruzii. 2000;(6):15–18. (In Russ).

[136] Matsukatov FA, Gerasimov DV. Factors affecting theterms of fracture consolidation. N.N. Priorov J Traumatol Orthopedics. 2016;(2):50–57. EDN: WGESEZ

[137] Мацукатов Ф.А., Герасимов Д.В. О факторах, влияющих на сроки консолидации переломов // Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова. 2016. № 2. С. 50–57. EDN: WGESEZ

[138] Matsukatov FA, Gerasimov DV. Factors affecting theterms of fracture consolidation. N.N. Priorov J Traumatol Orthopedics. 2016;(2):50–57. EDN: WGESEZ

[139] Klimovtsky VG, Chernysh VY. Frequency of delayed consolidation of fractures in victims of different age groups and the influence of osteotropic therapy on it. Trauma. 2011;12(3):89–93. (In Russ).

[140] Климовицкий В.Г., Черныш В.Ю. Частота замедленной консолидации переломов у пострадавших разных возрастных групп и влияние на нее остеотропной терапии // Травма. 2011. Т. 12, № 3. С. 89–93.

[141] Klimovtsky VG, Chernysh VY. Frequency of delayed consolidation of fractures in victims of different age groups and the influence of osteotropic therapy on it. Trauma. 2011;12(3):89–93. (In Russ).

[142] Prokhorov M, Kislov A, Elistratov D, et al. Effect of osteomed on consolidation of bone fractures. Vrach. 2016;(2):68–69. EDN: VQZUOX

[143] Прохоров М., Кислов А., Елистратов Д., и др. Влияние остеомеда на консолидацию переломов костей // Врач. 2016. № 2. С. 68–69. EDN: VQZUOX

[144] Prokhorov M, Kislov A, Elistratov D, et al. Effect of osteomed on consolidation of bone fractures. Vrach. 2016;(2):68–69. EDN: VQZUOX

[145] Lubenets A. Treatment of proximal femur injuries in older age group patients. Vrach. 2017;(7):66–67. EDN: ZEWQCP

[146] Лубенец А. Лечение повреждений проксимального отдела бедренной кости у больных старшей возрастной группы // Врач. 2017. № 7. С. 66–67. EDN: ZEWQCP

[147] Lubenets A. Treatment of proximal femur injuries in older age group patients. Vrach. 2017;(7):66–67. EDN: ZEWQCP

[148] Lindenbraten LD, Naumov LB. Medical radiology. 2nd ed., revised. and additional. Moscow: Meditsina; 1984. 384 p. (In Russ).

[149] Линденбратен Л.Д., Наумов Л.Б. Медицинская рентгенология. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. Москва: Медицина, 1984. 384 с.

[150] Lindenbraten LD, Naumov LB. Medical radiology. 2nd ed., revised. and additional. Moscow: Meditsina; 1984. 384 p. (In Russ).

[151] Protsenko AI, Gazhev AK, Gordeev GG, Zheltikov DI. The use of hydroxyapatite substance for the ostheosynthesis after comminuted thigh fractures. N.I. Pirogov J Surg. 2012;(1):10–14. EDN: PEJVLT

[152] Проценко А.И., Гажев А.Х., Гордеев Г.Г., Желтиков Д.И. Применение гидроксиапатитсодержащего материала при остеосинтезе оскольчатых переломов бедренной кости// Хирургия. Журнал им. Н.И. Пирогова. 2012. № 1. С. 10–14. EDN: PEJVLT

[153] Protsenko AI, Gazhev AK, Gordeev GG, Zheltikov DI. The use of hydroxyapatite substance for the ostheosynthesis after comminuted thigh fractures. N.I. Pirogov J Surg. 2012;(1):10–14. EDN: PEJVLT

[154] Sadykova RI, Akhtyamov IF. Modern methods of medication and local therapy for delayed fracture consolidation (literature review). Genij ortopedii. 2022;28(1):116–122. EDN: NKPQNZ doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2022-28-1-116-122

[155] Садыкова Р.И., Ахтямов И.Ф. Современные методы медикаментозной и локальной терапии замедленной консолидации переломов (обзор литературы) // Гений ортопедии. 2022. Т. 28, № 1. С. 116–122. EDN: NKPQNZ doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2022-28-1-116-122

[156] Sadykova RI, Akhtyamov IF. Modern methods of medication and local therapy for delayed fracture consolidation (literature review). Genij ortopedii. 2022;28(1):116–122. EDN: NKPQNZ doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2022-28-1-116-122

[157] Zavadovskaya VD, Popov VP, Akbashev OE, et al. Ultrasound monitoring of consolidation processes in fractures of long tubular bones in osteosynthesis using bioactive implants. J Radiol Nuclear Med. 2014;(5):40–48. EDN: TBCPJX

[158] Завадовская В.Д., Попов В.П., Акбашев О.Е., и др. Ультразвуковое мониторирование процессов консолидации переломов длинных трубчатых костей при остеосинтезе с использованием биоактивных имплантатов // Вестник рентгенологии и радиологии. 2014. № 5. С. 40–48. EDN: TBCPJX

[159] Zavadovskaya VD, Popov VP, Akbashev OE, et al. Ultrasound monitoring of consolidation processes in fractures of long tubular bones in osteosynthesis using bioactive implants. J Radiol Nuclear Med. 2014;(5):40–48. EDN: TBCPJX

[160] Claes L, Recknagel S, Ignatius A. Fracture healing under healthy and inflammatory conditions. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2012;8(3):133–143. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2012.1

[161] Claes L., Recknagel S., Ignatius A. Fracture healing under healthy and inflammatory conditions // Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2012. Vol. 8, N 3. P. 133–143. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2012.1

[162] Claes L, Recknagel S, Ignatius A. Fracture healing under healthy and inflammatory conditions. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2012;8(3):133–143. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2012.1

[163] Verhoff MA, Kreutz K, Ramsthaler F, Schiwy-Bochat KH. Forensische anthropologie und osteology: Übersicht und definitionen. Dtsch Arztebl. 2006;103(12):A782–788.

[164] Verhoff M.A., Kreutz K., Ramsthaler F., Schiwy-Bochat K.H. Forensische anthropologie und osteology: Übersicht und definitionen // Dtsch Arztebl. 2006. Vol. 103, N 12. P. A782–788.

[165] Verhoff MA, Kreutz K, Ramsthaler F, Schiwy-Bochat KH. Forensische anthropologie und osteology: Übersicht und definitionen. Dtsch Arztebl. 2006;103(12):A782–788.

[166] Stoss H, Pontz B, Brenner R, et al. Pathologisch-anatomische befunde am callus bei osteogenesis imperfecta. Aktuelle Aspekte der Osteologie. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 1992. P. 264–270.

[167] Stoss H., Pontz B., Brenner R., et al. Pathologisch-anatomische befunde am callus bei osteogenesis imperfecta // Aktuelle Aspekte der Osteologie. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. P. 264–270.

[168] Stoss H, Pontz B, Brenner R, et al. Pathologisch-anatomische befunde am callus bei osteogenesis imperfecta. Aktuelle Aspekte der Osteologie. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 1992. P. 264–270.

[169] Albrecht K, Breitmeier D, Huefner T. Die pathomorphologie der calcaneusfraktur beim PKW-unfall. German; 2005. P. 248–252.

[170] Albrecht K., Breitmeier D., Huefner T. Die pathomorphologie der calcaneusfraktur beim PKW-unfall. German, 2005. P. 248–252.

[171] Albrecht K, Breitmeier D, Huefner T. Die pathomorphologie der calcaneusfraktur beim PKW-unfall. German; 2005. P. 248–252.

[172] Asadi K, Mardani-Kivi M, Aris A. The effect of substance abuse and smoking status on healing time of closed transverse femoral shaft fractures treated with open intramedullary nailing. Genij ortopedii. 2022;28(3):333–337. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2022-28-3-333-337

[173] Asadi K., Mardani-Kivi M., Aris A. The effect of substance abuse and smoking status on healing time of closed transverse femoral shaft fractures treated with open intramedullary nailing // Genij Ortopedii. 2022. Vol. 28, N 3. P. 333–337. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2022-28-3-333-337

[174] Asadi K, Mardani-Kivi M, Aris A. The effect of substance abuse and smoking status on healing time of closed transverse femoral shaft fractures treated with open intramedullary nailing. Genij ortopedii. 2022;28(3):333–337. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2022-28-3-333-337

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Eco-Vector