Contraceptive history and risk of cancer of the female reproductive organs: the realities of today (literature review)

Abstract

In modern conditions, an increasing number of women resort to the use of hormonal contraception drugs, and their number is constantly increasing, but systematic studies on the possible role of hormonal contraceptives as independent triggers or cofactors of the development of oncological diseases of the reproductive system are currently few, which does not allow us to draw objective conclusions. In this paper, we analyzed global data on the risks and frequency of detected oncopathology of the reproductive organs, taking into account the contraceptive history of women.

Keywords

combined oral contraceptives (COC) / breast cancer / cervical cancer / endometrial cancer / ovarian cancer

References

[1] Kaprin AD, Starinskii VV, Petrova GV, editors. Malignant neoplasms in Russia in 2018 (morbidity and mortality). Мoscow: P.A. Herzen Moscow Research Institute, branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “NMIC of Radiology” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; 2019. (In Russ).

[2] Злокачественные новообразования в России в 2018 году (заболеваемость и смертность) // под ред. А.Д. Каприна, В.В. Старинского, Г.В. Петровой. М. : МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена, филиал ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России, 2019.

[3] Fasal E, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Oral contraceptives as related to cancer and benign lesions of the breast. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1975;55:767−773. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/55.4.767

[4] Fasal E., Paffenbarger R.S.Jr. Oral contraceptives as related to cancer and benign lesions of the breast // J Natl Cancer Inst. 1975. Vol. 55. P. 767−773. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/55.4.767

[5] Veljkovic M, Veljkovic S. The risk of breast cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer in oral contraceptive users. Med Pregl. 2010;63(9–10):657–661. doi: https://doi.org/10.2298/mpns1010657v

[6] Veljkovic M., Veljkovic S. The risk of breast cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer in oral contraceptive users // Med Pregl. 2010. Vol. 63. N 9–10. P. 657–661. doi: 10.2298/mpns1010657v

[7] Morch LS, Skovlund ChW, Hannaford PhC, et al. Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(23):2228–2229. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1700732

[8] Morch L.S., Skovlund Ch.W., Hannaford Ph.C., et al. Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer // N Engl J Med. 2017. Vol. 377. N 23. Р. 2228–2229. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1700732

[9] White ND. Hormonal contraception and breast cancer risk. Am J Lifestyle Medicine. 2018;12(3):224–226. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827618754833

[10] White N.D. Hormonal contraception and breast cancer risk // Am J Lifestyle Medicine. 2018. Vol. 12. N 3. Р. 224–226. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827618754833

[11] Bardaweel SK, Akour AA, Al-Muhaissen S, et al. Oral contraceptive and breast cancer: do benefits outweigh the risks? A case – control study from Jordan. BMC Women’s Health. 2019;19(1):72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0770-x

[12] Bardaweel S.K., Akour A.A., Al-Muhaissen S., et al. Oral contraceptive and breast cancer: do benefits outweigh the risks? A case – control study from Jordan // BMC Women’s Health. 2019. Vol. 19. N 1. P. 72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0770-x

[13] Brohet RM, Goldgar DE, Easton DF, et al. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in the international BRCA1/2 carrier cohort study: a report from EMBRACE, GENEPSO, GEO_HEBON, and the IBCCS Collaborating Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3831–3836. doi: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.11.1179

[14] Brohet R.M., Goldgar D.E., Easton D.F., et al. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in the international BRCA1/2 carrier cohort study: a report from EMBRACE, GENEPSO, GEO_HEBON, and the IBCCS Collaborating Group // J. Clin. Oncol. 2007. Vol. 25. Р. 3831–3836. doi: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.11.1179

[15] Havrilesky LJ, Gierisch JM, Moorman PG, et al. Oral contraceptive use for the primary prevention of ovarian cancer. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2013;212:1–514.

[16] Havrilesky L.J., Gierisch J.M., Moorman P.G., et al. Oral contraceptive use for the primary prevention of ovarian cancer // Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2013. N 212. P. 1–514.

[17] Milne RL, Knight JA, John EM, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of early_onset breast cancer in carriers and noncarriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:350–356. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0376

[18] Milne R.L., Knight J.A., John E.M., et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of early_onset breast cancer in carriers and noncarriers of

[19] Haile RW, Thomas DC, McGuire V, et al. kConFab Investigators, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network Investigators. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, oral contraceptive use, and breast cancer before age 50. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:1863–1870. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0258

[20] BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations // Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005. Vol. 14. P. 350–356. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0376

[21] Moorman PG, Havrilesky LJ, Gierisch JM, et al. Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer among high-risk women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(33):4188–4198. doi: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.48.9021

[22] Haile R.W., Thomas D.C., McGuire V., et al. kConFab Investigators, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network Investigators. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, oral contraceptive use, and breast cancer before age 50 // Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006. Vol. 15. P. 1863–1870. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0258

[23] Arbyn M, Tommasino M, Depuydt Ch, Dillner J. Are 20 human papillomavirus types causing cervical cancer? J Pathol. 2014;234(4):431–435. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/path.4424

[24] Moorman P.G., Havrilesky L.J., Gierisch J.M., et al. Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer among high-risk women: a systematic review and meta-analysis // J Clin Oncol. 2013. Vol. 31. N 33. P. 4188–4198. doi: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.48.9021

[25] Rungea AS, Bernsteina ME, Lucasa AN, Tewari KS. Cervical cancer in Tanzania: A systematic review of current challenges in six domains. Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2019;29:40–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gore.2019.05.008

[26] Arbyn M., Tommasino M., Depuydt Ch., Dillner J. Are 20 human papillomavirus types causing cervical cancer? // J Pathol. 2014. Vol. 234. N 4. P. 431–435. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/path.4424

[27] Chiantore MV, Mangino G, Iuliano M, Capriotti L, Di Bonito P, Fiorucci G, Romeo G. Human papillomavirus and carcinogenesis: novel mechanisms of cell communication involving extracellular vesicles. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews. 2020;51:92–98. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.12.009

[28] Rungea A.S., Bernsteina M.E., Lucasa A.N., Tewari K.S. Cervical cancer in Tanzania: A systematic review of current challenges in six domains // Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2019. Vol. 29. P. 40–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gore.2019.05.008

[29] Roura E, Travier N, Waterboer T, et al. The Influence of Hormonal Factors on the Risk of Developing Cervical Cancer and Pre-Cancer: Results from the EPIC Cohort. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147029. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147029

[30] Chiantore M.V., Mangino G., Iuliano M., Capriotti L., Di Bonito P., Fiorucci G., Romeo G. Human papillomavirus and carcinogenesis: novel mechanisms of cell communication involving extracellular vesicles // Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews. 2020. Vol. 51. P. 92–98. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.12.009

[31] Chung S-H, Wiedmeyer K, Shai A, et al. Requirement for estrogen receptor alpha in a mouse model for human papillomavirus–associated cervical cancer. Cancer Res. 2008;68(2):9928–9934. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2051

[32] Roura E., Travier N., Waterboer T., et al. The Influence of Hormonal Factors on the Risk of Developing Cervical Cancer and Pre-Cancer: Results from the EPIC Cohort // PLoS One. 2016. Vol. 11. N 1. P. e0147029. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147029

[33] Yoo YA, Son J, Mehta FF, DeMayo FJ, Lydon JP, Chung SH. Progesterone signaling inhibits cervical carcinogenesis in mice. Am J Pathol. 2013;183:1679–1687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.07.026 PMID: 24012679

[34] Chung S.-H., Wiedmeyer K., Shai A., et al. Requirement for estrogen receptor alpha in a mouse model for human papillomavirus–associa¬ted cervical cancer // Cancer Res. 2008. Vol. 68. N 23. P. 9928–9934. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2051

[35] Samir R, Asplund A, Tot T, et al. Oral contraceptive and progestin-only use correlates to tissue tumor marker expression in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Contraception. 2012;85(3):288–293. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2011.09.001

[36] Yoo Y.A., Son J., Mehta F.F., DeMayo F.J., Lydon J.P., Chung S.H. Progesterone signaling inhibits cervical carcinogenesis in mice // Am J Pathol. 2013. Vol. 183. P. 1679–1687. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.07.026

[37] Young JL, Jazaeri AA, Darus CJ, Modesitt SC. Cyclooxygenase-2 in cervical neoplasia: a review. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;109:140−145. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.01.008

[38] Samir R., Asplund A., Tot T., et al. Oral contraceptive and progestin-only use correlates to tissue tumor marker expression in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia // Contraception. 2012. Vol. 85. N 3. P. 288–293. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2011.09.001

[39] International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer, Appleby P, et al. Cervical cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data for 16,573 women with cervical cancer and 35,509 women without cervical cancer from 24 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 2007;370:1609–1621. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61684-5

[40] Young J.L., Jazaeri A.A., Darus C.J., Modesitt S.C. Cyclooxygenase-2 in cervical neoplasia: a review // Gynecol Oncol. 2008. Vol. 109. P. 140−145. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.01.008

[41] Smith JS, Green J, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Appleby P, Peto J, Plummer M, et al. Cervical cancer and use of hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review. Lancet (London, Engl). 2003;361(9364):1159–1167. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12949-2

[42] International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer, Appleby P., et al. Cervical cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data for 16,573 women with cervical cancer and 35,509 women without cervical cancer from 24 epidemiological studies // Lancet. 2007. Vol. 370. P. 1609–1621. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61684-5

[43] Loopik DL, IntHout J, Melchers W, et al. Oral contraceptive and intrauterine device use and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III or worse: a population-based study. Eur J Cancer. 2020;124:102–109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2019.10.009

[44] Smith J.S., Green J., Berrington de Gonzalez A., Appleby P., Peto J., Plummer M., et al. Cervical cancer and use of hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review // Lancet (London, Engl). 2003. Vol. 361. P. 1159–1167. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12949-2

[45] Veljković M, Veljković S. The risk of breast cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer in oral contraceptive users. Med Pregl. 2010;63(9–10):657–661. doi: https://doi.org/10.2298/mpns1010657v

[46] Loopik D.L., IntHout J., Melchers W., et al. Oral contraceptive and intrauterine device use and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III or worse: a population-based study // Eur J Cancer. 2020. Vol. 124. P. 102–109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2019.10.009

[47] Peng Yu, Wang X, Feng H, Yan G. Is oral contraceptive use associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer? An evidence-based meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2017;43(5):913–922. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13291

[48] Veljković M., Veljković S. The risk of breast cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer in oral contraceptive users // Med Pregl. 2010. Vol. 63. N 9–10. P. 657–661. doi: https://doi.org/10.2298/mpns1010657v

[49] Hecht JL, Mutter GL. Molecular and pathologic aspects of endometrial carcinogenesis. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4783–4791. doi: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.06.7173.

[50] Peng Yu., Wang X., Feng H., Yan G. Is oral contraceptive use associa¬ted with an increased risk of cervical cancer? An evidence-based meta-analysis // J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2017. Vol. 43. N 5. P. 913–922. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13291

[51] Mueck AO, Seeger H, Ruan X. Oral contraception and risk of endometrial cancer. Open Access J Contracept. 2011;2:127–136. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S17406

[52] Hecht J.L, Mutter G.L. Molecular and pathologic aspects of endometrial carcinogenesis // J Clin Oncol. 2006. Vol. 24. P. 4783–4791. doi: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.06.7173

[53] Cook LS, Dong Ya, Round P, et al. Hormone contraception before the first birth and endometrial cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(2):356–361. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0943

[54] Mueck A.O., Seeger H., Ruan X. Oral contraception and risk of endometrial cancer // Open Access J Contracept. 2011. Vol. 2. P. 127–136. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S17406

[55] Tao MH, Xu WH, Zheng W, Zhang Z-F, Gao Y-T, Ruan ZX, et al. Oral contraceptive and IUD use and endometrial cancer: a population-based case–control study in Shanghai, China. International J Cancer. 2006;119:2142–2147. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22081

[56] Cook L.S., Dong Ya., Round P., et al. Hormone contraception before the first birth and endometrial cancer risk // Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014. Vol. 23. N 2. Р. 356–361. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0943

[57] Gierisch JM, Coeytaux RR, Urrutia RP, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast, cervical, colorectal, and endometrial cancers: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(11):1931–1943. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0298

[58] Tao M.H., Xu W.H., Zheng W., Zhang Z.-F., Gao Y.-T., Ruan Z.X., et al. Oral contraceptive and IUD use and endometrial cancer: a population-based case–control study in Shanghai, China // International J Cancer. 2006. Vol. 119. P. 2142–2147. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22081

[59] Heinemann LAJ, Lewis MA, Kuhl-Habich D, Braendle W, Moehner S, Raff T. Use of oral contraceptives and risk of cancer of the uterine corpus or ovary. Two case-control studies. Geburts Frauenheilk. 2003;63:1018–1026. (In German). doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-42732

[60] Gierisch J.M., Coeytaux R.R., Urrutia R.P., et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast, cervical, colorectal, and endometrial cancers: a systematic review // Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013. Vol. 22. N 11. Р. 1931–1943. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0298

[61] Mueck AO, Seeger H, Rabe Th. Hormonal contraception and risk of endometrial cancer: a systematic review. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2010;17:R263–R271. doi: https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-10-0076

[62] Heinemann L.A.J., Lewis M.A., Kuhl-Habich D., Braendle W., Moehner S., Raff T. Use of oral contraceptives and risk of cancer of the uterine corpus or ovary. Two case-control studies // Geburts Frauenheilk. 2003. Vol. 63. P. 1018–1026. (In German). doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-42732

[63] Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies on Endometrial Cancer. Endometrial cancer and oral contraceptives: an individual participant meta-analysis of 27 276 women with endometrial cancer from 36 epidemiological studies. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(9):1061–1070. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00212-0

[64] Mueck A.O., Seeger H., Rabe Th. Hormonal contraception and risk of endometrial cancer: a systematic review // Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2010. Vol. 17. P. R263–R271. doi: https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-10-0076

[65] Rodriguez GC, Rimel BJ, Watkin W, Turbov JM, Barry C, Du H, et al. Progestin treatment induces apoptosis and modulates transforming growth factor in the uterine endometrium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17:578–584. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0551

[66] Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies on Endometrial Cancer. Endometrial cancer and oral contraceptives: an individual participant meta-analysis of 27 276 women with endometrial cancer from 36 epidemiological studies // Lancet Oncol. 2015. Vol. 16. N 9. P. 1061–1070. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00212-0

[67] Kim TH, Lee DK, Cho SN, Orvis GD, Behringer RR, Lydon JP, et al. Critical tumor suppressor function mediated by epithelial Mig-6 in endometrial cancer. Cancer Res. 2013;73:5090–5099. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0241

[68] Rodriguez G.C., Rimel B.J., Watkin W., Turbov J.M., Barry C., Du H., et al. Progestin treatment induces apoptosis and modulates transforming growth factor- in the uterine endometrium // Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17:578–84. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0551

[69] Beral V, Doll R, Hermon C, Peto R, Reeves G, Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer. Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23,257 women with ovarian cancer and 87,303 controls. Lancet. 2008;371(9609):303–314. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60167-1

[70] Kim T.H., Lee D.K., Cho S.N., Orvis G.D., Behringer R.R., Lydon J.P., et al. Critical tumor suppressor function mediated by epithelial

[71] Tsilidis KK, Allen NE, Key TJ, et al. Oral contraceptive use and reproductive factors and risk of ovarian cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(9):1436–1442. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2011.371

[72] Mig-6 in endometrial cancer // Cancer Res. 2013. Vol. 73. P. 5090–5099. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0241

[73] Michels KA, Pfeiffer RM, Brinton LA, Trabert B. Modification of the associations between duration of oral contraceptive use and ovarian, endometrial, breast, and colorectal cancers. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4:516−521. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.4942

[74] Beral V., Doll R., Hermon C., Peto R., Reeves G.; Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer. Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from

[75] Diniz PM, Carvalho JP, Baracat ECh, Carvalho FM. Fallopian tube origin of supposed ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. Clinics. 2011;66(1):73−76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322011000100013

[76] 45 epidemiological studies including 23,257 women with ovarian cancer and 87,303 controls // Lancet. 2008. Vol. 371. N 9609. P. 303–314. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60167-1

[77] Cibula D, Zikan M, Dusek L, Majek O. Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian and breast cancers in BRCA mutation carriers: a meta-ana¬lysis. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 2011;11(8):1197−1207. doi: https://doi.org/10.1586/era.11.38

[78] Tsilidis K.K., Allen N.E., Key T.J., et al. Oral contraceptive use and reproductive factors and risk of ovarian cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition // Br J Cancer. 2011. Vol. 105. N 9. P. 1436–1442. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2011.371

[79] Iodice S, Barile M, Rotmensz N, Feroce I, Bonanni B, Radice P, et al. Oral contraceptive use and breast or ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1/2 carriers: A meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(12):2275−2284. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2010.04.018

[80] Michels K.A., Pfeiffer R.M., Brinton L.A., Trabert B. Modification of the associations between duration of oral contraceptive use and ovarian, endometrial, breast, and colorectal cancers // JAMA Oncol. 2018. Vol. 4. P. 516−521. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.4942

[81] Diniz P.M., Carvalho J.P., Baracat E.Ch., Carvalho F.M. Fallopian tube origin of supposed ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas // Clinics. 2011. Vol. 66. N 1. P. 73−76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322011000100013

[82] Cibula D., Zikan M., Dusek L., Majek O. Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian and breast cancers in BRCA mutation carriers: a meta-analysis // Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 2011. Vol. 11. N 8. P. 1197−1207. doi: https://doi.org/10.1586/era.11.38

[83] Iodice S., Barile M., Rotmensz N., Feroce I., Bonanni B., Radice P., et al. Oral contraceptive use and breast or ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1/2 carriers: A meta-analysis // Eur J Cancer. 2010. Vol. 46. N 12. P. 2275−2284. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2010.04.018

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Eco-Vector