The review deals with cell sources of histogenesis and regeneration of striated skeletal muscle tissue. Heterogeneity of cambial cells of this tissue as well as an important role of their microenvironment to provide their activation, proliferation, differentiation and specialization is displayed. Issues of myogenic satellite cells cytogenesis within the embryonic and postnatal development are discussed. The data on molecular markers of myosatellitocytes and some other tissue components are provided. Issues of non-myogenic sources of skeletal muscle tissue histogenesis are discussed. The significance of studying a cambial cell reserve for the development of effective treatment modalities of muscular dystrophy is emphasized. An experimental material should be analyzed with consideration of the fundamental theoretical concepts on the regularities of histogenesis, cell differons, the theory of stem cell.

The article describes different experimental in vivo models applied to achieve knowledge of hemopoiesis and stem cell source-dependent mechanisms of engraftment. Although all the models have relative advantages and drawbacks, they all have one common feature - the cord blood engraftment kinetics are better, than those of bone marrow stem cells, while those are superior to peripheral blood mobilized stem cells. In spite of all the progress achieved by prolonged research, the cause of relatively low level of the human cells generated in these models is still unclear. The solution to this problem may be found with the aid of gene engineering achievements.

Cell seeding is one of the most important stages in tissue engineering. Attempting to achieve fast, efficient and reliable result researchers in vascular tissue engineering use advantages of the tubular geometry of the grafts with conjunction of physical forces, such as pressure difference, centrifugal, electrostatic, magnetic forces and their combinations. This review describes the main trends and challenges in scaffold developing, main cellular types used for vascular tissue engineering and various methods for cell seeding, their advantages and drawbacks.

Cell therapy with applying autologous skin fibroblasts could be an alternative or additional way to the standard therapy of tendon degenerative changes. The research was aimed to study a therapeutic effect of local administration of cultured and cryopreserved autologous skin fibroblasts in dynamics under tendopathy. Rats with modeled а^!^ tendon degenerative and dystrophic injury received by 0.25х10 6 of native or cryopreserved autologous skin fibroblasts into the defect area. The animals with administered physiological saline served as the control. 21 and 45 days after therapy there were implemented the histological, immunofluorescent and biomechanical studies. The data analysis testified to the fact, that cultured and cryopreserved autologous skin fibroblasts contributed to activating reparative processes in damaged tendons. On the first time point (21 day) the application of cryopreserved cells resulted in less pronounced therapeutic effect as compared to cultured fibroblasts. To the 45 day of study in аchilles tendons' histological structure of animals received both cultured and cryopreserved autologous skin fibroblasts we observed the presence of cell elements, reduction of disorganization phenomena, normalization of structure and position of collagen I type fibers. In addition, the animals' tendons with therapy by cultured and cryopreserved autologous skin fibroblasts had a positive dynamics in biomechanical indices: we observed a gradual positive strength recovery during tension, which to the 45 day of therapy did not statistically and significantly differ from the corresponding indices in the intact animals.

Reconstruction of the resectedmandiblefragmentsof rabbitsby NiTi implant leaded to bone restoration that occurred 4 times fasterthanunder naturalreparative processwithequal results. To minimize the effectof the implantonreparative processin the second casethe construction was fixedinpositionof the frontaldislocation, i.e.anteriorlyto the resectedbranchprojection. Long-termfunctional effect (62-65 months) in all casesjustifys the prospectsof medical devicefor clinical application.

This article is focused on comparative analysis of osteogenic potential of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSC) derived from different sources: gingival mucosa and bone marrow. MMSC immunophenotype, proliferation potential and osteogenic differentiation capacity were investigated in this work. Ability of MMSC adhesion to p-tricalcium phosphate was also examined. Osteoinductive potential of tissue-engineered bone grafts (MMSCs + p-tricalcium phosphate) was shown in experiments carried out on NOD-SCID mice in heterotopic bone formation test. Results of this research demonstrated that both type of MMSC had similar surface markers and osteogenic differentiation capacity. However MMSC derived from gingival mucosa were characterized by higher proliferative activity and higher adhesion level to p-tricalcium phosphate. Taking into consideration that MMSC could be obtained easier from gingival mucosa, this source of stem cells is probably the most promising for tissue engineering of bone grafts for stomatology and maxillofacial surgery (at least in case of investigated scaffold).

Cirrhosis of the liver is a serious disease characterized by replacement of liver parenchyma by fibrous tissue. Standard conservative treatments are not effective. In this regard, it's actual to develop the new approaches, the most effective of which may be turned out the cellular technologies. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSC) introduced via the common hepatic artery or portal vein in the treatment of experimentally induced liver cirrhosis in rats. According to biochemical, ultrasound and histological methods, MMSC were shown to be effective in liver cirrhosis. Interestingly, the more pronounced positive dynamics was observed with intraarterial administration of cells.

Microbial enzymes with high activity are increasingly used in medical practice in development of drugs for treatment of burn injuries, diseases of gastrointestinal tract, as well as in systemic enzyme therapy. One of crucial requirements for such drugs is the absence of toxicity, both on cellular and organism levels. The aim of the present study was to evaluate cytotoxic effect of Bacillus pumilus metzinc metalloproteinase on animal cell lines. Cytological changes in LEK, Vero and PK-15 cell lines were observed after cell treatment with 155 ^/ml enzyme. However, lower enzyme concentrations - 75 and 15 ^/ml did not show any toxicity.