Сapabilities of Dynamic Infrared Thermography for Planning and Monitoring of Perforating Flaps

Abstract

Background. Free perforating flaps are the most optimal for reconstruction of both upper and lower extremities. However, along with the obvious advantages of these flaps, there are also a number of difficulties associated with their more complex vascular anatomy and, as a consequence, more time-consuming dissection. This determines the need for a more thorough preoperative planning, including the mapping of perforating vessels and development of flap design. At the same time, the problems with intraoperative assessment of perfusion of perforating flaps and their monitoring in the postoperative period have not been solved. For these purposes, several instrumental methods of examination such as MRI and CT angiography, Doppler sonography, ICG and dynamic infrared thermography are used.

Aim of the study — to evaluate the capabilities of dynamic infrared thermography (DIT) for mapping of perforating vessels when planning the design of perforating flaps, as well as for assessing their intra- and postoperative perfusion.

Methods. We have analyzed the results of using DIT along with CT-angiography and Doppler sonography for preliminary mapping of perforating vessels in the design of 18 perforating flaps (ALT flap — 10, SCIP flap — 8) transplanted in 15 patients from 01.01.2022 to 30.07.2022. DIT was also used in all cases for intraoperative instrumental confirmation of flap perfusion and for its monitoring in the postoperative period.

Results. A total of 39 perforating vessels were detected by CT angiography at the point of origin from the main arteries. DIT was used to detect the distal portions of 37 perforating vessels in 15 patients at the marking of 18 flaps. On average, 2.5 per ALT flap and 1.4 per SCIP flap. Thermographic examination time was approximately 10 minutes. Localization of all perforating vessels detected by DIT were first confirmed by Doppler sonography and then visualized intraoperatively during flap dissection. Intraoperatively, perfusion of all transplanted flaps was clearly confirmed by DIT. In the postoperative period, perfusion problems were clinically detected in 3 (16%) flaps and confirmed by DIT: venous stasis — 2 cases, arterial insufficiency — 1 case. In two patients (13%) with a body mass index of more than 35 (corresponding to class 2–3 obesity), the location of perforating vessels could not be determined by thermography and Doppler sonography. Also, in these patients DIT was ineffective for confirmation of flap perfusion intraoperatively and in the postoperative period.

Conclusion. This study confirms that CT angiography, Doppler sonography and infrared thermography are complementary methods that allow to detect and visualize perforating arteries from their origin from a main artery to the site of their passage through the deep fascia (CT-angiography), as well as to determine their more accurate projection on the skin surface (DIT and Doppler sonography). DIT is also an auxiliary method for flap monitoring in the intraoperative and postoperative periods, which allows to engage nursing staff in postoperative monitoring.

Keywords

dynamic infrared thermography / CT angiography / perforant flaps / microsurgical limbs reconstructive / Doppler sonography

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