Vascular conflicts in andrology. Part 1. Upper level arteryovenous conflicts

Abstract

This article presents a review of the literature on the prevalence, classification, clinic, diagnosis and treatment of upper level arteriovenous conflicts: nutcracker syndrome and posterior nutcracker syndrome.

Keywords

nutcracker syndrome / posterior nutcracker syndrome

References

[1] Grant JC. Method of anatomy. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1937. 158 р.

[2] Graif M, Hauser R, Hirshebein A, et al. Varicocele and the testicular-renal venous route: hemodynamic Doppler sonographic investigation. J Ultrasound Med. 2000;19(9):627-631. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2000.19.9.627.

[3] Rokitansky C. Handbuch der pathologischen Anatomie, 1st ed. Wien, Braunmüller & Seidel 1842;3:187.

[4] Dietz UA, Debus ES, Heuko-Valiati L, et al. [Aorto-mesenteric artery compression syndrome. (In German)]. Chirurg. 2000;71(11):1345-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001040051224.

[5] Anderson WC, Vivit R, Kirsh IE, Greenlee HB. Arteriomesenteric duodenal compression syndrome. Its association with peptic ulcer. Am J Surg. 1973;125(6):681-689. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(73)90165-7.

[6] Battilana A, Crespi B, Rabughino G, et al. [Two cases of duodenal vascular compression syndrome. (In Italian)]. Minerva Med. 1989;80(8):815-820.

[7] Hines JR, Gore RM, Ballantyne GH. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Diagnostic criteria and therapeutic approaches. Am J Surg. 1984;148(5):630-632. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(84)90339-8.

[8] Lee CS, Mangla JC. Superior mesenteric artery compression syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 1978;70(2):141-150.

[9] Wilkie DP. Chronic duodenal ileus. Am J Med Sci. 1927;173(5):643-648.

[10] Sapkas G, O’Brien JP. Vascular compression of the duodenum (cast syndrome) associated with the treatment of spinal deformities. A report of six cases. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1981;98(1):7-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00389703.

[11] Sigmund G, Gall H, Bähren W. Stop-type and shunt-type varicoceles: venographic findings. Radiology. 1987;163(1):105-110. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.163.1.3547489.

[12] El-Sadr AR, Mina E. Anatomical and surgical aspects in the operative management of varicocele. Urol Cutaneous Rev. 1950;54(5):257-262.

[13] de Schepper A. [“Nutcracker” phenomenon of the renal vein and venous pathology of the left kidney. (In Dutch)]. J Belge Radiol. 1972;55(5):507-511.

[14] Trambert JJ, Rabin AM, Weiss KL, Tein AB. Pericaliceal varices due to the nutcracker phenomenon. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990;154(2):305-306. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.154.2.2105019.

[15] Scholbach T. From the nutcracker-phenomenon of the left renal vein to the midline congestion syndrome as a cause of migraine, headache, back and abdominal pain and functional disorders of pelvic organs. Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(6):1318-1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2006.10.040.

[16] McLeod J. Seminal cytology in the presence of varicocele. Fertil Steril. 1965;16(6):735-757. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(16)35765-x.

[17] Мазо Е.Б., Корякин М.В., Евсеев Л.П., Акопян А.С. Роль функциональной взаимосвязи надпочечников и яичек в патогенезе бесплодия у больных с левосторонним варикоцеле // Урология и нефрология. - 1990. - № 2. - С. 50–58. [Mazo EB, Korjakin MV, Evseev LP, Akopjan AS. Rol funkcionalnoj vzaimosvjazi nadpochechnikov i jaichek v patogeneze besplodija u bolnyh s levostoronnim varikocele. Urologiia i Nefrologiia. 1990;(2):50-58. (In Russ.)]

[18] Капто А.А. Диагностика и оперативное лечение бесплодия при субклиническом варикоцеле: Автореф. дис. … канд. мед. наук. – М., 1994. – 167. [Kapto AA. Diagnostika i operativnoe lechenie besplodija pri subklinicheskom varikocelelr. [dissertation] Moscow; 1994. 167 р. (In Russ.)]. Доступно по: http://medical-diss.com/medicina/diagnostika-i-operativnoe-lechenie-besplodiya-pri-subklinicheskom-varikotsele. Ссылка активна на 25.05.2019.

[19] Максименков А.Н. Хирургическая анатомия живота. – Л., 1972. – 684 с. [Maksimenkov AN. Hirurgicheskaja anatomija zhivota. Leningrad; 1972. 684 р. (In Russ.)]

[20] Тонков В.Н. Учебник нормальной анатомии человека. – М.: Медгиз, 1962. – 764 с. [Tonkov VN. Uchebnik normalnoj anatomii cheloveka. Moscow: Medgiz; 1962. 764 р. (In Russ.)]

[21] Капто А.А. Роль варикоцеле в развитии простатита // Материалы 3-й Всероссийской конференции «Мужское здоровье». – М., 2006. [Kapto AA. Role of varicocele in development of prostatitis. Materials of 3rd Russian Conference “Man’s Health”. Moscow; 2006. (In Russ.)]. Доступно по: http://au-health.ru/listview.php?nid=579&part=53. Ссылка активна на 25.05.2019.

[22] Derrick JR, Fadhli HA. Surgical anatomy of the superior mesenteric artery. Am Surg. 1965;31:545-547.

[23] Mansberger AR Jr, Hearn JB, Byers RM, et al. Vascular compression of the duodenum. Emphasis on accurate diagnosis. Am J Surg. 1968;115(1):89-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(68)90134-7.

[24] Wayne ER, Burrington JD. Duodenal obstruction by the superior mesenteric artery in children. Surgery. 1972;72(5):762-768.

[25] Ozkurt H, Cenker MM, Bas N, et al. Measurement of the distance and angle between the aorta and superior mesenteric artery: normal values in different BMI categories. Surg Radiol Anat. 2007;29(7):595-599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-007-0238-9.

[26] Sapkas G, O’Brien JP. Vascular compression of the duodenum (cast syndrome) associated with the treatment of spinal deformities. A report of six cases. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1981;98(1):7-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00389703.

[27] Neri S, Signorelli SS, Mondati E, et al. Ultrasound imaging in diagnosis of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. J Intern Med. 2005;257(4):346-351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01456.x.

[28] Waseem M, Upadhyay R, Prosper G. The nutcracker syndrome: an underrecognized cause of hematuria. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171(8):1269-1271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1761-1.

[29] Felton BM, White JM, Racine MA. An uncommon case of abdominal pain: superior mesenteric artery syndrome. West J Emerg Med. 2012;13(6):501-502. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2012.6.12762.

[30] Vulliamy P, Hariharan V, Gutmann J, Mukherjee D. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome and the “nutcracker phenomenon”. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013. pii: bcr2013008734. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2013-008734.

[31] Лопаткин Н.А., Морозов А.К., Житникова Л.Н. Стеноз почечной вены (этиология, симптоматика, принципы диагностики) // Урология и нефрология. – 1978. – № 6. – С. 3–8. [Lopatkin NA, Morozov AK, Zhitnikova LN. Stenoz pochechnoj veny (etiologija, simptomatika, principy diagnostiki). Urologija i Nefrologija. 1978;(6):3-8. (In Russ.)]

[32] Страхов С.Н., Бурков И.В. Почечная флебогипертензия и межвенозные анастомозы при варикоцеле // Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия. – 2008. – Т. 14. – № 1. – С. 85–91. [Strakhov SN, Burkov IV. Renal phlebohypertension and intervenous anastomoses in varicocele. Angiology and vascular surgery. 2008;14(1):85-91. (In Russ.)]

[33] Ivanissewich O, Gregorini M. A new operation for cure of varicocele. Sere Med. 1918;11:17.

[34] Iaccarino V. [Trattamento conservativo del vanicoseles: flebografia selettiva e sclerotherapia delle vene gonadiche. (In Italian)]. Riv Radiol. 1977;17:107-117.

[35] Lima SS, Castro MP, Costa OF. A new method for the treatment of varicocele. Andrologia. 1978;10(2):103-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1978.tb01324.x.

[36] Marmar JL, DeBenedictis TJ, Praiss D. The management of varicoceles by microdissection of the spermatic cord at the external inguinal ring. Fertil Steril. 1985;43(4):583-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(16)48501-8.

[37] Sánchez de Badajoz E, Díaz Ramírez F, Marín Marín J. [Endoscopic treatment of varicocele. (In Spanish)]. Arch Esp Urol. 1988;41(1):15-16.

[38] Tauber R, Weizert P, Pfeifer KJ, Huber R. [Die antegrade sklerosierung der Vena spermatica zur Therapie der Varikozele. Eine randomisierte, kontrollierte, prospektive Studie. (In German)]. VBDG Urologie. 1988;40:239-240. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83800-2_157.

[39] Scultetus AH, Villavicencio JL, Gillespie DL. The nutcracker syndrome: its role in the pelvic venous disorders. J Vasc Surg. 2001;34(5):812-819. https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.2001.118802.

[40] Pastershank SP. Left renal vein obstruction by a superior mesenteric artery. J Can Assoc Radiol. 1974;25(1):52-54.

[41] Stewart BH, Reiman G. Left renal venous hypertension “nutcracker” syndrome. Urology. 1982; 20(4):365-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(82)90457-5.

[42] Shaper KR, Jackson JE, Williams G. The nutcracker syndrome: an uncommon cause of haematuria. Br J Urol. 1994;74(2):144-146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1994.tb16575.x.

[43] Thompson PN, Darling RC, Chang BB, et al. A case of nutcracker syndrome: treatment by mesoaortic transposition. J Vasc Surg. 1992;16(4):663-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/0741-5214(92) 90176-9.

[44] Zhang H, Zhang N, Li M, et al. Treatment of six cases of left renal nutcracker phenomenon: surgery and endografting. Chin Med J (Engl). 2003;116(11):1782-1784.

[45] Neste MG, Narasimham DL, Belcher KK. Endovascular stent placement as a treatment for renal venous hypertension. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1996;7(6):859-861. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1051-0443(96)70861-8.

[46] Barnes RW, Fleisher HL, Redman JF, et al. Mesoaortic compression of the left renal vein (the socall ednutcracker syndrome): repair by a new stenting procedure. J Vasc Surg. 1988;8(4):415-421. https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.1988.avs0080415.

[47] Scultetus AH, Villavicencio JL, Gillespie DL. The nutcracker syndrome: its role in the pelvic venous disorders. J Vasc Surg. 2001;34(5):812-819. https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.2001.118802.

[48] Andrianne R, Limet R, Waltregny D, de Leval J. [Haematuria caused by nutcracker syndrome: Postoperative confirmation of its presence. (In French)]. Prog Urol. 2002;12(6):1323-1326.

[49] Wendel RG, Crawford ED, Hehman KN. The “nutcracker” phenomenon: an unusual cause for renal varicosities with hematuria. J Urol. 1980;123(5):761-763. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)56121-2.

[50] Takahashi Y, Sano A, Matsuo M. An effective “transluminal balloon angioplasty” therapy for pediatric chronic fatigue syndrome with nutcracker phenomenon. Clin Nephrol. 2000;53(1):77-78.

[51] Stewart BH, Reiman G. Left renal venous hypertension “nutcracker” syndrome. Managed by direct renocaval reimplantation. Urology. 1982;20(4):365-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(82)90457-5.

[52] Chuang CK, Chu SH, Lai PC. The nutcracker syndrome managed by autotransplantation. J Urol. 1997;157(5):1833-1834. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(01)64872-9.

[53] Hohenfellner M, Steinbach F, Schultz-Lampel D, et al. The nutcracker syndrome: new aspects of pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. J Urol. 1991;146(3):685-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)37893-x.

[54] Shokeir AA, El-Diasty TA, Ghoneim MA. The nutcracker syndrome: new methods of diagnosis and treatment. Br J Urol. 1994;74(2):139-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1994.tb16574.x.

[55] Arslan H, Etlik O, Ceylan K, et al. Incidence of retro-aortic left renal vein and its relationship with varicocele. Eur Radiol. 2005;15(8):1717-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-004-2563-2.

[56] Trigaux JP, Vandroogenbroek S, De Wispelaere JF, et al. Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava and left renal vein: evaluation with spiral CT. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1998;9(2):339-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1051-0443(98)70278-7.

[57] Satyapal KS, Kalideen JM, Haffejee AA, et al. Left renal vein variations. Surg Radiol Anat. 1999;21(1):77-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-999-0077-y.

[58] Hohenfellner M, Steinbach F, Schultz-Lampel D, et al. The nutcracker syndrome: new aspects of pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. J Urol. 1991;146:685-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)37893-x.

[59] Nam JK, Park SW, Lee SD, Chung MK. The clinical significance of a retroaortic left renal vein. Korean J Urol. 2010;51(4):276-280. https://doi.org/10.4111/kju.2010.51.4.276.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Kapto A.А., Smyslova Z.V.