Dysfunctions of the lower urinary tract in patients with multiple sclerosis. Pathogenesis, symptomatics, diagnosis

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease, one of the most common symptoms of which are urinary disorders. The review article provides information on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, clinical course and diagnostic features of neurogenic dysfunctions of the lower urinary tract in patients with multiple sclerosis. Attention is drawn to the need for early diagnosis of urinary tract dysfunctions, which predetermines the timely initiation and effectiveness of treatment.

Keywords

multiple sclerosis / neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction / detrusor overactivity / detrusor-sphincter dyssynergy / overactive bladder / urge incontinence

References

[1] Shmidt TE, Yakhno NN. Rasseyannyi skleroz: rukovodstvo dlya vrachei. 5th edition. Moscow: MEDpress-inform, 2016. 272 p. (In Russ.)

[2] Шмидт Т.Е., Яхно Н.Н. Рассеянный склероз: руководство для врачей. 5-е изд. Москва: МЕДпресс-информ, 2016. 272 с.

[3] Dobson R, Giovannoni G. Multiple sclerosis — a review. Eur J Neurol. 2019;26(1):27–40. DOI: 10.1111/ene.13819

[4] Dobson R., Giovannoni G. Multiple sclerosis — a review // Eur J Neurol. 2019. Vol. 26, No. 1. P. 27–40. DOI: 10.1111/ene.13819

[5] Thompson AJ, Baranzini SE, Geurts J, et al. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2018;391(10130):1622–1636. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30481-1

[6] Thompson A.J., Baranzini S.E., Geurts J., et al. Multiple sclerosis // Lancet. 2018. Vol. 391, No. 10130. P. 1622–1636. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30481-1

[7] Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology. 2014;83(3):278–286. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000560

[8] Lublin F.D., Reingold S.C., Cohen J.A., et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions // Neurology. 2014. Vol. 83, No. 3. P. 278–286. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000560

[9] Williams R, Rigby AS, Airey M, et al. Multiple sclerosis: it epidemiological, genetic, and health care impact. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1995;49(6):563–569. DOI: 10.1136/jech.49.6.563

[10] Williams R., Rigby A.S., Airey M., et al. Multiple sclerosis: it epidemiological, genetic, and health care impact // J Epidemiol Community Health. 1995. Vol. 49, No. 6. P. 563–569. DOI: 10.1136/jech.49.6.563

[11] Magyari M, Sorensen PS. The changing course of multiplesclerosis: rising incidence, change in geographic distribution, disease course, and prognosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019;32(3):320–326. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000695

[12] Magyari M., Sorensen P.S. The changing course of multiplesclerosis: rising incidence, change in geographic distribution, disease course, and prognosis // Curr Opin Neurol. 2019. Vol. 32, No. 3. P. 320–326. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000695

[13] Boyko A, Melnikov M. Prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis in Russian Federation: 30 years of studies. Brain Sci. 2020;10(5): E305. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050305

[14] Boyko A., Melnikov M. Prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis in Russian Federation: 30 years of studies // Brain Sci. 2020. Vol. 10, No. 5. ID E305. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050305

[15] Ziryanov AV, Bazhenov IV, Philippova ES, et al. Epidemio logy and characteristics of urinary tract dysfunction in multiple sclerosis patients. Urology Herald. 2020;8(2):29–36. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.21886/2308-6424-2020-8-2-29-36

[16] Зырянов А.В., Баженов И.В., Филиппова Е.С., и др. Эпидемиология и характер расстройств мочеиспускания у больных рассеянным склерозом // Вестник урологии. 2020. Т. 8, № 2. С. 29–36. DOI: 10.21886/2308-6424-2020-8-2-29-36

[17] Oreja-Guevara C, Kobelt G, Berg J, et al. European multiple sclerosis platform. New insights into theburden and costs of multiple sclerosis in Europe: results for Spain. Mult Scler. 2017;23(2S): 166–178. DOI: 10.1177/1352458517708672

[18] Oreja-Guevara C., Kobelt G., Berg J., et al. European multiple sclerosis platform. New insights into theburden and costs of multiple sclerosis in Europe: results for Spain // Mult Scler. 2017. Vol. 23, No. 2S. P. 166–178. DOI: 10.1177/1352458517708672

[19] Rossiiskoe obshchestvo urologov. Neirogennaya disfunktsiya nizhnikh mochevyvodyashchikh putei. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii Minzdrava RF. 2020. Available at: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/schema/588_2 (In Russ.)

[20] Российское общество урологов. Нейрогенная дисфункция нижних мочевыводящих путей. Клинические рекомендации Минздрава РФ. 2020. Доступ по: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/schema/588_2

[21] Mazo EB, Zavalishin IA, Krivoborodov GG, Shvarts PG. Rasse yannyi skleroz i narusheniya mocheispuskaniya: klinika, diagnostika, lechenie. Russian neurological journal. 2002;(4):4–7. (In Russ.)

[22] Мазо Е.Б., Завалишин И.А., Кривобородов Г.Г., Шварц П.Г. Рассеянный склероз и нарушения мочеиспускания: клиника, диагностика, лечение // Неврологический журнал. 2002. № 4. С. 4–7.

[23] de Sèze M, Ruffion A, Denys P, et al. The neurogenic bladder in multiple sclerosis: review of the literature and proposal of management guidelines. Mult Scler. 2007;13(7):915–928. DOI: 10.1177/1352458506075651

[24] de Sèze M., Ruffion A., Denys P., et al. The neurogenic bladder in multiple sclerosis: review of the literature and proposal of management guidelines // Mult Scler. 2007. Vol. 13, No. 7. P. 915–928. DOI: 10.1177/1352458506075651

[25] De Ridder D, Van Der Aa F, Debruyne J, et al. Consensus guidelines on the neurologist’s role in the management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013;115(10):2033–2040. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.06.018

[26] De Ridder D., Van Der Aa F., Debruyne J., et al. Consensus guidelines on the neurologist’s role in the management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in multiple sclerosis // Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013. Vol. 115, No. 10. P. 2033–2040. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.06.018

[27] Bientinesi R, Gandi C, Bassi P. Managing urological disorders in multiple sclerosis patients: A review of available and emerging therapies. Int Neurourol J. 2020;24(2):118–126. DOI: 10.5213/inj.2040028.01

[28] Bientinesi R., Gandi C., Bassi P. Managing urological disorders in multiple sclerosis patients: A review of available and emerging therapies // Int Neurourol J. 2020. Vol. 24, No. 2. P. 118–126. DOI: 10.5213/inj.2040028.01

[29] Averbeck MA, Iacovelli V, Panicker J, et al. Urodynamics in patients with multiple sclerosis: A consensus statement from a urodynamic experts working group. Neurourol Urodyn. 2020;39(1):73–82. DOI: 10.1002/nau.24230

[30] Averbeck M.A., Iacovelli V., Panicker J., et al. Urodynamics in patients with multiple sclerosis: A consensus statement from a urodynamic experts working group // Neurourol Urodyn. 2020. Vol. 39, No. 1. P. 73–82. DOI: 10.1002/nau.24230

[31] Browne C, Salmon N, Kehoe M. Bladder dysfunction and quality of life for people with multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37(25):2350–2358. DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1027007

[32] Browne C., Salmon N., Kehoe M. Bladder dysfunction and quality of life for people with multiple sclerosis // Disabil Rehabil. 2015. Vol. 37, No. 25. P. 2350–2358. DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1027007

[33] Al Dandan HB, Coote S, McClurg D. Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J MS Care. 2020;22(2):91–99. DOI: 10.7224/1537-2073.2019-030

[34] Al Dandan H.B., Coote S., McClurg D. Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis // Int J MS Care. 2020. Vol. 22, No. 2. P. 91–99. DOI: 10.7224/1537-2073.2019-030

[35] Nazari F, Shaygannejad V, Mohammadi Sichani M, et al. The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms based on individual and clinical parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2020;20(1):24. DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1582-1

[36] Nazari F., Shaygannejad V., Mohammadi Sichani M., et al. The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms based on individual and clinical parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis // BMC Neurol. 2020. Vol. 20, No. 1. ID 24. DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1582-1

[37] Kasyan GR, Dreval RO, Krivoborodov GG, et al. Socio-economic aspects of neurogenic dysfunctions in urology. Urologiia. 2020;(5):127–132. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18565/urology.2020.5.127-132

[38] Касян Г.Р., Древаль Р.О., Кривобородов Г.Г., и др. Социально-экономические аспекты нейрогенных дисфункций в урологии // Урология. 2020. № 5. С. 127–132. DOI: 10.18565/urology.2020.5.127-132

[39] Nazari F, Shaygannejad V, Mohammadi Sichani M, et al. Quality of life among patients with multiple sclerosis and voiding dysfunction: a cross-sectional study. BMC Urol. 2020;20(1):62. DOI: 10.1186/s12894-020-00590-w

[40] Nazari F., Shaygannejad V., Mohammadi Sichani M., et al. Quality of life among patients with multiple sclerosis and voiding dysfunction: a cross-sectional study // BMC Urol. 2020. Vol. 20, No. 1. ID 62. DOI: 10.1186/s12894-020-00590-w

[41] Blaivas JG, Kaplan SA. Urologic dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Semin Neurol. 1988;8(2):159–165. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1041371

[42] Blaivas J.G., Kaplan S.A. Urologic dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis // Semin Neurol. 1988. Vol. 8, No. 2. P. 159–165. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1041371

[43] Shvarts PG. Narushenie akta mocheispuskaniya u bol’nykh rasseyannym sklerozom remitiruyushchego techeniya [dissertation abstract]. Moscow, 2004. (In Russ.)

[44] Шварц П.Г. Нарушение акта мочеиспускания у больных рассеянным склерозом ремитирующего течения: автореф. дис. … канд. мед. наук. Москва, 2004.

[45] Betts CD, D’Mellow MT, Fowler CJ. Urinary symptoms and the neurological features of bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56(3):245–250. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.56.3.245

[46] Betts C.D., D’Mellow M.T., Fowler C.J. Urinary symptoms and the neurological features of bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis // J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993. Vol. 56, No. 3. P. 245–250. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.56.3.245

[47] Krupin VN, Belova АN. Neurogenic bladder and multiple sclerosis. Modern Technologies in Medicine. 2011;(4):126–135. (In Russ.)

[48] Крупин В.Н., Белова А.Н. Нейрогенный мочевой пузырь и рассеянный склероз // Современные технологии в медицине. 2011. № 4. С. 126–135.

[49] Miller H, Simpson CA, Yeates WK. Bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Br Med J. 1965;1:1265–1269. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5445.1265

[50] Miller H., Simpson C.A., Yeates W.K. Bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis // Br Med J. 1965. Vol. 1. P. 1265–1269. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5445.1265

[51] Bradley WE, Logothetis JL, Timm GW. Cystometric and sphincter abnormalities in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1973;23(10): 1131–1139. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.23.10.1131

[52] Bradley W.E., Logothetis J.L., Timm G.W. Cystometric and sphincter abnormalities in multiple sclerosis // Neurology. 1973. Vol. 23, No. 10. P. 1131–1139. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.23.10.1131

[53] Hennessey A, Robertson NP, Swingler R, Compston DA. Urinary, faecal and sexual dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 1999;246(11):1027–1032. DOI: 10.1007/s004150050508

[54] Hennessey A., Robertson N.P., Swingler R., Compston D.A. Urinary, faecal and sexual dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis // J Neurol. 1999. Vol. 246, No. 11. P. 1027–1032. DOI: 10.1007/s004150050508

[55] Borello-France D, Leng W, O’Leary M, et al. Bladder and sexual function among women with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2004;10(4):455–461. DOI: 10.1191/1352458504ms1060oa

[56] Borello-France D., Leng W., O’Leary M., et al. Bladder and sexual function among women with multiple sclerosis // Mult Scler. 2004. Vol. 10, No. 4. P. 455–461. DOI: 10.1191/1352458504ms1060oa

[57] Ukkonen M, Elovaara I, Dastidar P, Tammela TLJ. Urodynamic findings in primary progressive multiple sclerosis are associated with increased volumes of plaques and atrophy in the central nervous system. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004;109(2):100–105. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2003.00184.x

[58] Ukkonen M., Elovaara I., Dastidar P., Tammela T.L.J. Urodynamic findings in primary progressive multiple sclerosis are associated with increased volumes of plaques and atrophy in the central nervous system // Acta Neurol Scand. 2004. Vol. 109, No. 2. P. 100–105. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2003.00184.x

[59] Quarto G, Autorino R, Gallo A, et al. Quality of life in women with multiple sclerosis and overactive bladder syndrome. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2007;18(2):189–194. DOI: 10.1007/s00192-006-0131-9

[60] Quarto G., Autorino R., Gallo A., et al. Quality of life in women with multiple sclerosis and overactive bladder syndrome // Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2007. Vol. 18, No. 2. P. 189–194. DOI: 10.1007/s00192-006-0131-9

[61] Koldewijn EL, Hommes OR, Lemmens WA, et al. Relationship between lower urinary tract abnormalities and disease-related parameters in multiple sclerosis. J Urol. 1995;154(1):169–173. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)67258-6

[62] Koldewijn E.L., Hommes O.R., Lemmens W.A., et al. Relationship between lower urinary tract abnormalities and disease-related parameters in multiple sclerosis // J Urol. 1995. Vol. 154, No. 1. P. 169–173. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)67258-6

[63] Jaekel AK, Winterhagen FI, Zeller FL, et al. Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with multiple sclerosis. Biomedicines. 2022;10(12):3260. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123260

[64] Jaekel A.K., Winterhagen F.I., Zeller F.L., et al. Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with multiple sclerosis // Biomedicines. 2022. Vol. 10, No. 12. ID 3260. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123260

[65] Marrie RA, Cutter G, Tyry T, et al. Disparities in the management of multiple sclerosis-relatedbladder symptoms. Neurology. 2007;68(23):1971–1978. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000264416.53077.8b

[66] Marrie R.A., Cutter G., Tyry T., et al. Disparities in the management of multiple sclerosis-related bladder symptoms // Neurology. 2007. Vol. 68, No. 23. P. 1971–1978. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000264416.53077.8b

[67] Miller DH, Weinshenker BG, Filippi M, et al. Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: a consensus approach. Mult Scler. 2008;14(9):1157–1174. DOI: 10.1177/1352458508096878

[68] Miller D.H., Weinshenker B.G., Filippi M., et al. Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: a consensus approach // Mult Scler. 2008. Vol. 14, No. 9. P. 1157–1174. DOI: 10.1177/1352458508096878

[69] Aharony SM, Lam O, Corcos J. Treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in multiple sclerosis patients: Review of the literature and current guidelines. Can Urol Assoc J. 2017;11(3–4):E110–E115. DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.4059

[70] Aharony S.M., Lam O., Corcos J. Treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in multiple sclerosis patients: Review of the literature and current guidelines // Can Urol Assoc J. 2017. Vol. 11, No. 3–4. P. E110–E115. DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.4059

[71] Tadayyon F, Etemadifar M, Bzeih H, et al. Association of urodynamic findings in new onset multiple sclerosis with subsequent occurrence of urinary symptoms and acute episode of disease in females. J Res Med Sci. 2012;17(4):382–385.

[72] Tadayyon F., Etemadifar M., Bzeih H., et al. Association of urodynamic findings in new onset multiple sclerosis with subsequent occurrence of urinary symptoms and acute episode of disease in females // J Res Med Sci. 2012. Vol. 17, No. 4. P. 382–385.

[73] Flachenecker P, Eichstädt K, Berger K, et al. Multiple sclerosis in Germany: updated analysis of the German MS Registry 2014–2018. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2020;88(7):436–450. (In German). DOI: 10.1055/a-0985-4124

[74] Flachenecker P., Eichstädt K., Berger K., et al. Multiple sklerose in Deutschland: aktualisierte Auswertungen des MS-Registers der DMSG 2014–2018 // Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2020. Vol. 88, No. 7. P. 436–450. DOI: 10.1055/a-0985-4124

[75] Medina-Polo J, Adot JM, Allué M, et al. Consensus document on the multidisciplinary management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurourol Urodyn. 2020;39(2):762–770. DOI: 10.1002/nau.24276

[76] Medina-Polo J., Adot J.M., Allué M., et al. Consensus document on the multidisciplinary management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis // Neurourol Urodyn. 2020. Vol. 39, No. 2. P. 762–770. DOI: 10.1002/nau.24276

[77] Lemack GE, Frohman E, Ramnarayan P. Women with voi ding dysfunction secondary to bladder outlet dyssynergia in the setting of multiple sclerosis do not demonstrate significantly elevated intravesical pressures. Urology. 2007;69(5):893–897. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.01.076

[78] Lemack G.E., Frohman E., Ramnarayan P. Women with voiding dysfunction secondary to bladder outlet dyssynergia in the setting of multiple sclerosis do not demonstrate significantly elevated intravesical pressures // Urology. 2007. Vol. 69, No. 5. P. 893–897. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.01.076

[79] Shakir NA, Satyanarayan A, Eastman J, et al. Assessment of renal deterioration and associated risk factors in patients with multiple sclerosis. Urology. 2019;123:76–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2018.09.014

[80] Shakir N.A., Satyanarayan A., Eastman J., et al. Assessment of renal deterioration and associated risk factors in patients with multiple sclerosis // Urology. 2019. Vol. 123. P. 76–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2018.09.014

[81] Abrams P, Cardozo L, Wagg A, Wein A, editors. Incontinence. 6th edition. Tokyo: International Consultation on Incontinence, 2016. 2619 p.

[82] Incontinence. 6th edition / Abrams P., Cardozo L., Wagg A., Wein A., eds. Tokyo: International Consultation on Incontinence, 2016. 2619 p.

[83] Philippova ES, Bazhenov IV, Zyryanov AV, et al. The urinary-specific quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients: Russian translation and validation of the sf-qualiveen. Ural Medical Journal. 2019;(3): 39–43. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.25694/URMJ.2019.03.19

[84] Филиппова Е.С., Баженов И.В., Зырянов А.В., и др. Оценка качества жизни, связанного с нарушениями мочеиспускания, у больных рассеянным склерозом: перевод и валидизация русскоязычной версии опросника SF-Qualiveen // Уральский медицинский журнал. 2019. № 3. С. 39–43. DOI: 10.25694/URMJ.2019.03.19

[85] Philippova ES, Bazhenov IV, Volkova LI, et al. Russian version of the neurogenic bladder symptom score (NBSS). Urologiia. 2018;(6): 5-13. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18565/urology.2018.6.5-13

[86] Филиппова Е.С., Баженов И.В., Волкова Л.И., и др. Русскоязычная версия Шкалы симптомов нейрогенного мочевого пузыря (NBSS) // Урология. 2018. № 6. С. 5–13. DOI: 10.18565/urology.2018.6.5-13

[87] Korshunova ES, Yusupova DG, Zimin AA, et al. Validation of a questionnaire on pelvic organ function for neurological patients in Russia. Andrology and Genital Surgery. 2023;24(1):90–99. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17650/2070-9781-2023-24-1-90-99

[88] Коршунова Е.С., Юсупова Д.Г., Зимин А.А., и др. Валидация опросника по функциям тазовых органов (Questionnaire on pelvic organ function) у неврологических больных в России // Андрология и генитальная хирургия. 2023. Т. 24, № 1. С. 90–99. DOI: 10.17650/2070-9781-2023-24-1-90-99

[89] Bazhenov IV, Philippova ES, Bazarny VV, et al. Diagnostic value of neurotrophins as detrusor over activity markers in multiple sclerosis patients. Ural Medical Journal. 2017;(2):23–29. (In Russ.)

[90] Баженов И.В., Филиппова Е.С., Базарный В.В., и др. Диагностическая значимость нейротрофинов как маркеров гиперактивности детрузора у больных рассеянным склерозом // Уральский медицинский журнал. 2017. № 2. С. 23–29.

[91] Wiedemann A, Kaeder M, Greulich W, et al. Which clinical risk factors determine a pathological urodynamic evaluation in patients with multiple sclerosis? an analysis of 100 prospective cases. World J Urol. 2013;31(1):229–233. DOI: 10.1007/s00345-011-0820-y

[92] Wiedemann A., Kaeder M., Greulich W., et al. Which clinical risk factors determine a pathological urodynamic evaluation in patients with multiple sclerosis? an analysis of 100 prospective cases // World J Urol. 2013. Vol. 31, No. 1. P. 229–233. DOI: 10.1007/s00345-011-0820-y

[93] Domurath B, Flachenecker P, Henze T, et al. Current aspects of neurogenic dysfunctions of the lower urinary tract in multiple sclerosis. Nervenarzt. 2021;92(4):349–358. (In German). DOI: 10.1007/s00115-020-01046-0

[94] Domurath B., Flachenecker P., Henze T., et al. Aktuelles zu neurogenen dysfunktionen des unteren harntraktes bei multipler sklerose // Nervenarzt. 2021. Vol. 92, No. 4. P. 349–358. DOI: 10.1007/s00115-020-01046-0

[95] Ineichen BV, Schneider MP, Hlavica M, et al. High EDSS can predict risk for upper urinary tract damage in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2018;24(4):529–534. DOI: 10.1177/1352458517703801

[96] Ineichen B.V., Schneider M.P., Hlavica M., et al. High EDSS can predict risk for upper urinary tract damage in patients with multiple sclerosis // Mult Scler. 2018. Vol. 24, No. 4. P. 529–534. DOI: 10.1177/1352458517703801

[97] Lemack GE, Frohman EM, Zimmern PE, et al. Urodynamic distinctions between idiopathic detrusor overactivity and detrusor overactivity secondary to multiple sclerosis. Urology. 2006;67(5):960–964. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2005.11.061

[98] Lemack G.E., Frohman E.M., Zimmern P.E., et al. Urodynamic distinctions between idiopathic detrusor overactivity and detrusor overactivity secondary to multiple sclerosis // Urology. 2006. Vol. 67, No. 5. P. 960–964. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2005.11.061

[99] www.awmf.org [Internet]. AWMF (2020) Diagnose und therapie der multiplen sklerose, neuromyelitis optica spektrum und MOG-IgG-assoziierte erkrankungen [cited 2023 Jun 20]. Available at: https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/anmeldung/1/ll/030-050.html

[100] www.awmf.org [Электронный ресурс]. AWMF (2020) Diagnose und therapie der multiplen sklerose, neuromyelitis optica spektrum und MOG-IgG-assoziierte erkrankungen [дата обращения: 20.06.2023]. Режим доступа: https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/ detail/anmeldung/1/ll/030-050.html

[101] Fowler CJ, Panicker JN, Drake M, et al. A UK consensus on the management of the bladder in multiple sclerosis. Postgraduate Med J. 2009;85(1008):552–559. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.159178

[102] Fowler C.J., Panicker J.N., Drake M., et al. A UK consensus on the management of the bladder in multiple sclerosis // Postgraduate Med J. 2009. Vol. 85, No. 1008. P. 552–559. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.159178

[103] Amarenco G, Chartier-Kastler E, Denys P, et al. First-line urological evaluation in multiple sclerosis: validation of a specific decision-making algorithm. Mult Scler. 2013;19(14):1931–1937. DOI: 10.1177/1352458513489758

[104] Amarenco G., Chartier-Kastler E., Denys P., et al. First-line urological evaluation in multiple sclerosis: validation of a specific decision-making algorithm // Mult Scler. 2013. Vol. 19, No. 14. P. 1931–1937. DOI: 10.1177/1352458513489758

[105] Ghezzi A, Mutta E, Bianchi F, et al. Diagnostic tools for assessment of urinary dysfunction in MS patients without urinary disturbances. Neurol Sci. 2016;37(3):437–442. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2415-7

[106] Ghezzi A., Mutta E., Bianchi F., et al. Diagnostic tools for assessment of urinary dysfunction in MS patients without urinary disturbances // Neurol Sci. 2016. Vol. 37, No. 3. P. 437–442. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2415-7

[107] Çetinel B, Tarcan T, Demirkesen O, et al. Management of lower urinary tract dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and Turkish consensus report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2013;32(8): 1047–1057. DOI: 10.1002/nau.22374

[108] Çetinel B., Tarcan T., Demirkesen O., et al. Management of lower urinary tract dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and Turkish consensus report // Neurourol Urodyn. 2013. Vol. 32, No. 8. P. 1047–1057. DOI: 10.1002/nau.22374

[109] Kavanagh A, Baverstock R, Campeau L, et al. Canadian Urological Association guideline: Diagnosis, management, and surveillance of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction — Executive summary. Can Urol Assoc J. 2019;13(6):156–165. DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.6041

[110] Kavanagh A., Baverstock R., Campeau L., et al. Canadian Urological Association guideline: Diagnosis, management, and surveillance of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction — Executive summary // Can Urol Assoc J. 2019. Vol. 13, No. 6. P. 156–165. DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.6041

[111] Beck J, Jaekel AK, Zeller FL, et al. Clinical predictors of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in persons with multiple sclerosis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(1):191. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010191

[112] Beck J., Jaekel A.K., Zeller F.L., et al. Clinical predictors of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in persons with multiple sclerosis // Diagnostics (Basel). 2022. Vol. 12, No. 1. ID 191. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010191

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Eco-Vector