Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit
Mikhail V. Bychinin , Irina A. Mandel’ , Tatiana V. Klypa , Nadezhda A. Kolyshkina , Sergei A. Andreichenko
Journal of Clinical Practice ›› 2021, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (1) : 25 -32.
Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit
Background: The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D has not been studied in the Russian Federation for the group of patients with severe and extremely severe COVID-19 in the intensive care unit (ICU). Aims: To study the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in patients with COVID-19 treated in the ICU and to determine the relationship between the vitamin D status and disease outcome. Methods: The retrospective study included 103 adult patients with severe and extremely severe COVID-19 hospitalized in the ICU. Results: 94% patients (n = 97) showed a significant decrease in the concentration of 25 (OH) D in their blood serum — 11 ng/ml [7; 15 ng/ml]. 37% (n = 38) of patients showed vitamin D deficiency, 46% (n = 47) had severe vitamin D deficiency, 12% (n = 12) had vitamin D insufficiency, 5% (n = 6) had normal vitamin D levels. In the group of patients with vitamin D levels less than 10 ng/ml, the mortality rate was significantly higher than that in the group of patients with the levels of vitamin D exceeding 10 ng/ml (66% and 42%, p = 0.018). These two groups of patients also significantly differed in their age (p = 0.018), history of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.059), white blood cell count (p = 0.045), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.017), D-dimer level (p = 0.05) and troponin T level (p = 0.054). Conclusion: A high incidence of vitamin D insufficiency in patients with COVID-19 treated in the ICU has been identified. Severe vitamin D deficiency was more often found in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus, and was associated with the increased mortality. The identified relationship of the vitamin D deficiency with the neutrophilic-lymphocytic index suggests an immuno-mediated effect on the outcome of patients with COVID-19.
COVID-19 / vitamin D deficiency / mortality / intensive care and intensive care
| [1] |
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of Coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708–1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032 |
| [2] |
Panarese A, Shahini E. Letter: Covid-19, and vitamin D. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2020;9:1–3. doi: 10.1111/apt.15752 |
| [3] |
Moromizato T, Litonjua AA, Braun AB, et al. Association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and sepsis in the critically ill. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(1):97–107. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31829eb7af |
| [4] |
Quraishi SA, Bittner EA, Blum L, et al. Prospective study of vitamin D status at initiation of care in critically ill surgical patients and risk of 90-day mortality. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(6):1365–1371. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000210 |
| [5] |
Braun A, Chang D, Mahadevappa K, et al. Association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and mortality in the critically ill. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(4):671–677. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318206ccdf |
| [6] |
D’Avolio A, Avataneo V, Manca A, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1359. |
| [7] |
Carpagnano GE, Di Lecce V, Quaranta VN, et al. Vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020. doi: 10.1007/s40618-020-01370-x |
| [8] |
Panagiotou G, Tee SA, Ihsan Y, et al. Original publication: low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 are associated with greater disease severity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2020;93(5):629–630. doi: 10.1111/cen.14310 |
| [9] |
Каронова Т.Л., Андреева А.Т., Вашукова М.А. Уровень 25(ОН)D в сыворотке крови у больных COVID-19 // Журнал инфектологии. 2020. Т. 12, № 3. С. 21–27. [Karonova TL, Andreeva АТ, Vashukova МА. Serum 25(oH)D level in patients with CoVID-19. J Infectology. 2020;12(3):21–27. (In Russ).] doi: 10.22625/2072-6732-2020-12-3-21-27 |
| [10] |
WHO. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected [accessed Feb 8, 2020]. 2020. Avalable from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-ofsevere-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected |
| [11] |
Lips P, Cashman KD, Lamberg-Allardt C, et al. Current vitamin D status in European and Middle East countries and strategies to prevent vitamin D deficiency: a position statement of the European Calcified Tissue Society. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019;180(4):P23–P54. doi: 10.1530/EJE-18-0736 |
| [12] |
Jain A, Chaurasia R, Sengar NS, et al. Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):20191. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77093-z |
| [13] |
Orchard L, Baldry M, Nasim-Mohi M, et al. Vitamin D levels and intensive care unit outcomes of a cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patients [published online ahead of print, 2021 Jan 18]. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2021;10.1515/cclm-2020-1567. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2020-1567 |
| [14] |
Vassiliou AG, Jahaj E, Pratikaki M, et al. Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels on admission to the intensive care unit may predispose COVID-19 pneumonia patients to a higher 28-day mortality risk: a pilot study on a greek ICU cohort. Nutrients. 2020;12(12):3773. doi: 10.3390/nu12123773 |
| [15] |
Czarnik T, Czarnik A, Gawda R, et al. Vitamin D kinetics in the acute phase of critical illness: a prospective 349 observational study. J Crit Care. 2018;43:294–299. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.09.179. 350 |
| [16] |
Nair P, Lee P, Reynolds C, et al. Significant 351 perturbation of vitamin D-parathyroid-calcium axis and adverse clinical outcomes in critically ill 352 patients. Int Care Med. 2013;39(2):267–274. doi: 10.1007/s00134-012-2713-y |
| [17] |
Gallagher JC. Vitamin D and aging. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2013;42(2):319–332. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.02.004 |
| [18] |
Khare D, Godbole NM, Pawar SD, et al. Calcitriol [1,25[OH]2D3] pre- and post-treatment suppresses inflammatory response to influenza A(H1N1) infection in human lung A549 epithelial cells. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52(4):1405–1415. doi: 10.1007/s00394-012-0449-7 |
| [19] |
Parlak E, Ertürk A, Çağ Y, et al. The effect of inflammatory cytokines and the level of vitamin D on prognosis in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(10):18302–18310. |
| [20] |
Silberstein M. Vitamin D: A simpler alternative to tocilizumab for trial in COVID-19? Med Hypotheses. 2020;140:109767. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109767 |
| [21] |
Kong J, Zhu X, Shi Y, et al. VDR attenuates acute lung injury by blocking Ang-2-Tie-2 pathway and renin-angiotensin system. Mol Endocrinol. 2013;27(12):2116–2125. doi: 10.1210/me.2013-1146 |
| [22] |
Xu J, Yang J, Chen J, et al. Vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. Mol Med Rep. 2017;16(5):7432–7438. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7546 |
| [23] |
Li B, Baylink DJ, Walter MH, et al. Targeted 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1α-hydroxylase adoptive gene therapy ameliorates dss-induced colitis without causing hypercalcemia in mice. Mol Ther. 2015;23(2):339–351. doi: 10.1038/mt.2014.201 |
| [24] |
Zhao H, Zhang H, Wu H, et al. Protective role of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 in the mucosal injury and epithelial barrier disruption in DSS-induced acute colitis in mice. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012;12:57. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-12-57 |
| [25] |
Herr C, Shaykhiev R, Bals R. The role of cathelicidin and defensins in pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2007;7(9):1449–1461. doi: 10.1517/14712598.7.9.1449 |
| [26] |
Hahn S, Haselhorst U, Tan S, et al. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with insulin resistance and obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2006;114(10):577–583. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-948308 |
| [27] |
Baynes KC, Boucher BJ, Feskens EJ, Kromhout D. Vitamin D, glucose tolerance and insulinaemia in elderly men. Diabetologia. 1997;40(3):344–347. doi: 10.1007/s001250050685 |
| [28] |
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel Coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061–1069. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585 |
| [29] |
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 |
| [30] |
Клыпа Т.В., Бычинин М.В., Мандель И.А., и др. Клиническая характеристика пациентов с COVID-19, поступающих в отделение интенсивной терапии. Предикторы тяжелого течения // Клиническая практика. 2020. Т. 11, № 2. С. 6–20. [Klypa TV, Bychinin MV, Mandel IA, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients admitted to an ICU with COVID-19. predictors of the severe disease. Journal of Clinical Practice. 2020;11(2):6–20. (In Russ).] doi: 10.17816/clinpract34182 |
Bychinin M.V., Mandel’ I.A., Klypa T.V., Kolyshkina N.A., Andreichenko S.A.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |