Standardized A-echography in the diagnostics of eye diseases

Abstract

The development and the improvement of new imaging methods are current trends in ophthalmology. The literature review is devoted to the use of standardized A-echography in the diagnostics of ocular pathology. The history of the development of this method, the basic principles of obtaining A-sonograms, the features of the qualitative and quantitative assessments of pathological changes in the structures of the eye based on echographic data are presented. Standardized A-echography is most widely used in the diagnostics of vitreoretinal pathology, intraocular mass (choroidal melanoma, choroidal hemangioma, non-tumor formations) and assessment of orbital structures (optic nerve, extraocular muscles, orbital tumors).

Keywords

standardized A-echography / ultrasound examination of the eye / vitreoretinal pathology / intraocular mass

References

[1] Mundt GH, Hughes WF. Ultrasonics in ocular diagnosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;189:xxviii–xxxvi. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.02.017

[2] Mundt G.H., Hughes W.F. Ultrasonics in ocular diagnosis // Am J Ophthalmol. 2018. Vol. 189. P. xxviii-xxxvi. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.02.017

[3] Ossoinig KC. Standardized echography: basic principles, clinical applications, and results. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1979;19(4): 127–210.

[4] Ossoinig K.C. Standardized echography: basic principles, clinical applications, and results // Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1979. Vol. 19, N 4. P. 127–210.

[5] Ossoinig KC. Standardized ophthalmic echography of the eye, orbit, and periorbital region. A comprehensive slide set and study guide. 3rd ed. Iowa City: Goodfellow; 1985. P. 12.

[6] Ossoinig K.C. Standardized ophthalmic echography of the eye, orbit, and periorbital region. A comprehensive slide set and study guide. 3rd ed. Iowa City: Goodfellow, 1985. P. 12.

[7] Byrne SF, Green RL. Ultrasound of the eye and orbit. Philadelphia: Mosby Inc; 2002. P. 244–273.

[8] Byrne S.F., Green R.L. Ultrasound of the eye and orbit. Philadelphia: Mosby Inc, 2002. P. 244–273.

[9] Kendall CJ, Prager TC, Cheng H, et al. Diagnostic ophthalmic ultrasound for radiologists. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2015;25(3): 327–365. doi: 10.1016/j.nic.2015.05.001

[10] Kendall C.J., Prager T.C., Cheng H., et al. Diagnostic ophthalmic ultrasound for radiologists // Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2015. Vol. 25, N 3. P. 327–365. doi: 10.1016/j.nic.2015.05.001

[11] Karolczak-Kulesza M, Rudyk M, Niestrata-Ortiz M. Recommendations for ultrasound examination in ophthalmology. Part II: Orbital ultrasound. J Ultrason. 2018;18(75):349–354. doi: 10.15557/JoU.2018.0051

[12] Karolczak-Kulesza M., Rudyk M., Niestrata-Ortiz M. Recommendations for ultrasound examination in ophthalmology. Part II: Orbital ultrasound // J Ultrason. 2018. Vol. 18, N 75. P. 349–354. doi: 10.15557/JoU.2018.0051

[13] Silverman RH. Focused ultrasound in ophthalmology. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016;10:1865–1875. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S99535

[14] Silverman R.H. Focused ultrasound in ophthalmology // Clin Ophthalmol 2016. Vol. 10. P. 1865–1875. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S99535

[15] Fioretto I, Capuano FM, Biondino D, et al. Systematic use of standardized A-scan technique in neurosurgical intensive care unit. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2023;13(10):7396–7397. doi: 10.21037/qims-23-628

[16] Fioretto I., Capuano F.M., Biondino D., et al. Systematic use of standardized A-scan technique in neurosurgical intensive care unit // Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2023. Vol. 13, N 10. P. 7396–7397. doi: 10.21037/qims-23-628

[17] Vitiello L, De Bernardo M, Capasso L, Rosa N. Optic nerve ultrasound evaluation in acute high altitude illness. Wilderness Environ Med. 2021;32(3):407–408. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2021.04.009

[18] Vitiello L., De Bernardo M., Capasso L., Rosa N. Optic nerve ultrasound evaluation in acute high altitude illness // Wilderness Environ Med. 2021. Vol. 32, N 3. P. 407–408. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2021.04.009

[19] Marotta G, Vitiello L, De Bernardo M, Rosa N. Ocular ultrasound evaluation in the acutely painful red eye. J Emerg Med. 2020;59(3):446–447. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.04.061

[20] Marotta G., Vitiello L., De Bernardo M., Rosa N. Ocular ultrasound evaluation in the acutely painful red eye // J Emerg Med. 2020. Vol. 59, N 3. P. 446–447. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.04.061

[21] Singh N, Fonkeu Y, Lorek BH, Singh AD. Diagnostic A-scan of choroidal tumors: comparison of quantified parameters. Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2019;5(5):358–368. doi: 10.1159/000495350

[22] Singh N, Fonkeu Y, Lorek BH, Singh AD. Diagnostic A-scan of choroidal tumors: comparison of quantified parameters // Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2019. Vol. 5, N 5. P. 358–368. doi: 10.1159/000495350

[23] Samoila O. Is there a place for A-scan mode in modern eye ultrasonography? Med Ultrason. 2019;21(4):498–499. doi: 10.11152/mu-2157

[24] Samoila O. Is there a place for A-scan mode in modern eye ultrasonography? // Med Ultrason. 2019. Vol. 21, N 4. P. 498–499. doi: 10.11152/mu-2157

[25] Mithal KN, Thakkar HH, Tyagi MA, et al. Role of echography in diagnostic dilemma in choroidal masses. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2014;62(2):167–170. doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.128626

[26] Mithal K.N., Thakkar H.H., Tyagi M.A., et al. Role of echography in diagnostic dilemma in choroidal masses // Indian J Ophthalmol. 2014. Vol. 62, N 2. P. 167–170. doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.128626

[27] Rosa N, De Bernardo M, Di Stasi M, et al. A-scan ultrasonographic evaluation of patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: comparison of optic nerves. J Clin Med. 2022;11(20):6153. doi: 10.3390/jcm11206153

[28] Rosa N., De Bernardo M., Di Stasi M., et al. A-scan ultrasonographic evaluation of patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: comparison of optic nerves // J Clin Med. 2022. Vol. 11, N 20. P. 6153. doi: 10.3390/jcm11206153

[29] De Bernardo M, Vitiello L, De Pascale I, et al. Optic nerve ultrasound evaluation in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:845554. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.845554

[30] De Bernardo M., Vitiello L., De Pascale I., et al. Optic nerve ultrasound evaluation in idiopathic intracranial hypertension // Front Med (Lausanne). 2022. Vol. 9. P. 845554. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.845554

[31] Vitiello L, De Bernardo M, Capasso L, et al. Optic nerve ultrasound evaluation in animals and normal subjects. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;8:797018. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.797018

[32] Vitiello L., De Bernardo M., Capasso L., et al. Optic nerve ultrasound evaluation in animals and normal subjects // Front Med (Lausanne). 2022. Vol. 8. P. 797018. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.797018

[33] De Bernardo M, Vitiello L, De Luca M, et al. Optic nerve changes detected with ocular ultrasonography during different surgical procedures: a narrative review. J Clin Med. 2022;11(18):5467. doi: 10.3390/jcm11185467

[34] De Bernardo M., Vitiello L., De Luca M., et al. Optic nerve changes detected with ocular ultrasonography during different surgical procedures: a narrative review // J Clin Med. 2022. Vol. 11, N 18. P. 5467. doi: 10.3390/jcm11185467

[35] Blumenkranz MS, Byrne SF. Standardized echography (ultrasonography) for the detection and characterization of retinal detachment. Ophthalmology. 1982;89(7):821–831. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(82)34716-8

[36] Blumenkranz M.S, Byrne S.F. Standardized echography (ultrasonography) for the detection and characterization of retinal detachment // Ophthalmology. 1982. Vol. 89, N 7. P. 821–831. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(82)34716-8

[37] Ossoinig KC. Echographic detection and classification of posterior hyphemas. Ophthalmologica. 1984;189(1–2):2–11. doi: 10.1159/000309378

[38] Ossoinig K.C. Echographic detection and classification of posterior hyphemas // Ophthalmologica. 1984. Vol. 189, N 1–2. P. 2–11. doi: 10.1159/000309378

[39] McLeod D, Restori M. Ultrasonic examination in severe diabetic eye disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1979;63(8):533–538. doi: 10.1136/bjo.63.8.533

[40] McLeod D., Restori M. Ultrasonic examination in severe diabetic eye disease // Br J Ophthalmol. 1979. Vol. 63, N 8. P. 533–538. doi: 10.1136/bjo.63.8.533

[41] Hermsen V. The use of ultrasound in the evaluation of diabetic vitreoretinopathy. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1984;24(4):125–141.

[42] Hermsen V. The use of ultrasound in the evaluation of diabetic vitreoretinopathy // Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1984. Vol. 24, N 4. P. 125–141.

[43] Byrne SF. Standardized echography of the eye and orbit. Neuroradiology. 1986;28(5–6):618–640. doi: 10.1007/BF00344110

[44] Byrne S.F. Standardized echography of the eye and orbit // Neuroradiology. 1986. Vol. 28, N 5–6. P. 618–640. doi: 10.1007/BF00344110

[45] Ossoinig KC. Ruling out posterior segment lesions with echography. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1978;18(2):117–120.

[46] Ossoinig K.C. Ruling out posterior segment lesions with echography // Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1978. Vol. 18, N 2. P. 117–120.

[47] Pulido JS, Byrne SF, Clarkson JG, et al. Evaluation of eyes with advanced stages of retinopathy of prematurity using standardized echography. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(7):1099–1104. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(91)32171-7

[48] Pulido J.S., Byrne S.F., Clarkson J.G., et al. Evaluation of eyes with advanced stages of retinopathy of prematurity using standardized echography // Ophthalmology. 1991. Vol. 98, N 7. P. 1099–1104. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(91)32171-7

[49] Genovesi-Ebert F, Rizzo S, Chiellini S, et al. Reliability of standardized echography before vitreoretinal surgery for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmologica. 1998;212(Suppl 1):91–92. doi: 10.1159/000055438

[50] Genovesi-Ebert F., Rizzo S., Chiellini S., et al. Reliability of standardized echography before vitreoretinal surgery for proliferative diabetic retinopathy // Ophthalmologica. 1998. Vol. 212, Suppl 1. P. 91–92. doi: 10.1159/000055438

[51] Fonkeu Y, Singh N, Hayden-Loreck B, Singh AD. Diagnostic A-scan of choroidal melanoma: automated quantification of parameters. Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2019;5(5):350–357. doi: 10.1159/000496345

[52] Fonkeu Y., Singh N., Hayden-Loreck B., Singh A.D. diagnostic A-scan of choroidal melanoma: automated quantification of parameters // Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2019. Vol. 5, N 5. P. 350–357. doi: 10.1159/000496345

[53] Ossoinig KC, Bigar F, Kaefring SL. Malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body. A differential diagnosis in clinical echography. Bibl Ophthalmol. 1975;(83):141–154.

[54] Ossoinig K.C., Bigar F., Kaefring S.L. Malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body. A differential diagnosis in clinical echography // Bibl Ophthalmol. 1975. N 83. P. 141–154.

[55] Hodes BL, Choromokos E. Standardized A-scan echographic diagnosis of choroidal malignant melanomas. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95(4):593–597. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1977.04450040059006

[56] Hodes B.L., Choromokos E. Standardized A-scan echographic diagnosis of choroidal malignant melanomas // Arch Ophthalmol. 1977. Vol. 95, N 4. P. 593–597. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1977.04450040059006

[57] Fuller DG, Snyder WB, Hutton WL, Vaiser A. Ultrasonographic features of choroidal malignant melanomas. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97(8):1465–1472. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1979.01020020127008

[58] Fuller D.G., Snyder W.B., Hutton W.L., Vaiser A. Ultrasonographic features of choroidal malignant melanomas // Arch Ophthalmol. 1979. Vol. 97, N 8. P. 1465–1472. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1979.01020020127008

[59] Farah ME, Byrne SF, Hughes JR. Standardized echography in uveal melanomas with scleral or extraocular extension. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102(10):1482–1485. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040031202018

[60] Farah M.E., Byrne S.F., Hughes J.R. Standardized echography in uveal melanomas with scleral or extraocular extension // Arch Ophthalmol. 1984. Vol. 102, N 10. P. 1482–1485. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040031202018

[61] Rochels R, Nover A. Small choroidal melanoma with diffuse orbital involvement detected and differentiated with standardized echography — with special reference to the reliability of sonography in predicting scleral tumoral infiltration. Ophthalmologica. 1986;192(1):39–45. doi: 10.1159/000309610

[62] Rochels R., Nover A. Small choroidal melanoma with diffuse orbital involvement detected and differentiated with standardized echography — with special reference to the reliability of sonography in predicting scleral tumoral infiltration // Ophthalmologica. 1986. Vol. 192, N 1. P. 39–45. doi: 10.1159/000309610

[63] Kim RS, Jain RR, Brown DM, et al. Elevated choroidal thickness and central serous chorioretinopathy in the fellow eyes of patients with circumscribed choroidal hemangioma. Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2018;4(6):375–380. doi: 10.1159/000486864

[64] Kim R.S., Jain R.R., Brown D.M., et al. Elevated choroidal thickness and central serous chorioretinopathy in the fellow eyes of patients with circumscribed choroidal hemangioma // Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2018. Vol. 4, N 6. P. 375–380. doi: 10.1159/000486864

[65] Campagnoli TR, Medina CA, Singh AD. Choroidal melanoma initially treated as hemangioma: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2016;10(2):175–182. doi: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000220

[66] Campagnoli T.R., Medina C.A., Singh A.D. Choroidal melanoma initially treated as hemangioma: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations // Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2016. Vol. 10, N 2. P. 175–182. doi: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000220

[67] Mrejen S, Fung AT, Silverman RH, et al. Potential pitfalls in measuring the thickness of small choroidal melanocytic tumors with ultrasonography. Retina. 2013;33(7):1293–1299. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e318296f681

[68] Mrejen S., Fung A.T., Silverman R.H., et al. Potential pitfalls in measuring the thickness of small choroidal melanocytic tumors with ultrasonography // Retina. 2013. Vol. 33, N 7. P. 1293–1299. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e318296f681

[69] Piñeiro-Ces A, Rodríguez Alvarez MJ, Santiago M, et al. Detecting ultrasonographic hollowness in small choroidal melanocytic tumors using 10 MHz and 20 MHz ultrasonography: a comparative study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014;252(12):2005–2011. doi: 10.1007/s00417-014-2758-4

[70] Piñeiro-Ces A., Rodríguez Alvarez M.J., Santiago M., et al. Detecting ultrasonographic hollowness in small choroidal melanocytic tumors using 10 MHz and 20 MHz ultrasonography: a comparative study // Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014. Vol. 252, N 12. P. 2005–2011. doi: 10.1007/s00417-014-2758-4

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Eco-Vector